Advantages and Disadvantages: Event Driven Process Chain

Advantages and Disadvantages Event Driven Process ChainThe reason to choose UML to create a model among the different choices is its simplicity and ease of design. The structure of the end model obtained development UML is calorie-free to design. The given scale on infirmary procedures was simple to determine but when comes to addressing the problem with a model, its an widely different story. This is because the given case consists of four core issues and apiece issue has to be communicate properly. We identified the actors use cases, scarpers and their attributes at the first place. The very next step was to interpret the identified elements into graphical units. These argon pretty such(prenominal) the steps involved in design the model employ UML.The first constraint to arise was how to handle external actors while using use case diagrams. Next on the anteriority numerate was whether to implement the model using swim lanes or normal settle when it came down to application diagram. With reference to the hospital case, the entity general practiti one(a)r which was suppose to be interpreted as blend it was rather employ as a external actor. Similarly the standard swim lanes which were to be used in congruity with exercise diagram protocol were replaced by using the alternate normal flow diagram.The initial work of interpreting the given problem into workable simulate units was carried out. It was followed by dividing the mixed issue into small modules so as to achieve better efficiency. The model is highly influenced by modular programming come. That approach helped us a lot in understanding the complex issue by dividing it into number of sub-issues and addresses them individually. These collections of smaller solutions ultimately added up to the consolidated solution.Reflection on the modeling bear on (EPC)It was an entirely different approach from UML model. As far as we are c erstrn, this model is an enhancement of a staple fib er flow chart. This is because, the shapes, the flow and the structure the model is highly influenced by a flow chart. The model required extensive analysis to segregate the model units from the given case. It takes quite most epoch to get accustomed to new rules of modeling difficulty arises when we tried to give a base model for the entire case so as to give a skeleton approach. Adding to the compl leavingy, the use of transparent come toors and splitters was a tedious job.Modeling the various issues and the core processes posed a variety of problem during the earliest stages. For example usage of dianoetic splitters and continuatives was different from using other ramate structures. And as well as the rules of using units like events, functions and the others was to be kept in memory prior to joining them with the other units. The structure of the model was a long one when discriminated with that of the previous model. Some portions of the problem given had to be modif ied, which in process gave aside parts of the literal components.Adjustments and modifications were carefully tailored so as to meet the conditions and rules of how the model to be made. The work was to pick out units with reference to EPC such as events, functions and establishmental units etc. we identified events from all the core issues which were to be followed by functions. In a similar fashion the other model units were sorted out. after holds that these individual units were integrated as according to the rules of EPC. The areas in which rational connectors were to be used were identified and the connectors were charge into their place. This ensures proper structure and flow of process.Reflection on the modeling Language (UML)This is because the given case is simple but an elaborate one. Thus, a ratifier could easily identify the number of entities involved and their roles and still could supercharge through the entire model which is an elaborate one without losing the track of the process. How and when a reader could get confused with the different models depends on the knowledge of the user, that goes as a different topic altogether. But even an ordinary reader could spot the persons, the different processes and the flow of the model readily and easily.And also the UML diagram itself is quite easy to design which involves few graphical elements. Unlike other modeling languages, UML emphasizes on use cases which are in essence are nonhing but nonations of the inbred activities proceedss and the functions which constitutes to the entire process. It helps the user to easily get used to the protocols of using use cases and implement them. Since the actors and external actors are depicted against the use cases, its easy to connect the performers of the sue and their sub sequent results. Complexity of producing a suitable model for concern process is reduced to a greater extends.As far as the hospital case is concerned, UML is the most suitabl e modeling language to aid the user as well as analyst due to the to a higher place said reasons. This case produces four core processes geting from admission of patient till the discharge of patient, which involves quite a lot of actors and their functions which in turn produce the given results. hotshot could easily interpret statement into the business model using UML by just using a handful of graphical units without any ambiguities. We say this so because, the four critical issues are addressed with the specific meets being transferred into particular use cases one after the other in a typical UML fashion. separately actor is connected to their actions and the directional connectors indicate the flow of action.For example A nurse in this hospital performs the following actions like allotting bed, recording the admission cartridge clip, conducting ward rounds, providing medical care and updating registers. It is evident from the above said reasons that the role of nurse in volves quite a few activities and these activities are supposed to be preserve and depicted in business model to ensure complete data base of the events and their functions. Adding to these facts, one studys to know that these actions are not consecutive and happened in a sequence ware the activities performed by other actors coming in among them or preceding them or succeeding them. Only in UML we could connect the specific actions performed by distinct actors without getting entangled in the collection of various other functional units.In a nut shell, a reader could grasp the flow of different actors and their functions at the kindred time in a single diagram.The only substantial drawback of UML is not able to implement logical flow and branching options i.e. in the given hospital case, in that respect are instances were cardinal match events exceed where one basenot use UML modeling to depict the parallel events exit For example A nurse provides medical and general care whereas in parallel another nurse prepares the necessary test forms and forwards them to the physician. development UML we interpreted this problem statement in the following manner provides medical care, prepares test form a reader could not understand whether these two processes occurred at the same time or at different instances. So these processes were placed one after the other and connected to a nurse. From the above example we rear end infer that UML does not aid plotting of parallel events.The key factor missing in UML is a lack of logical decision makers and branching functions example in discharging of patient, there is logical branching condition which needs to be satisfied, the condition is the patient is to be cured of diagnosis or else the entire treatment cycle has to be read. It is not possible in use case diagram as these two unique events need to be addressed as separate use cases rather than branched activities or events.Comparison of Languages tenacious conne ctions and decisions cannot be performed in UML use case models and it could be done in EPC. We take a leak faced little difficulties while addressing parallel processes in use case diagram. Structure and integration could be expressed much efficiently in EPC rather than UML. Only in UML we could connect the specific actions performed by distinct actors without getting entangled to other functional units.Advantages of UMLUML is the popular approach of visualizing and documenting the software program systems design. UML gives tendencyive lens oriented design concepts and its independent of specific programming language. UML is a popular and technique for documenting and framework system.It ensures set of symbols to represent graphically the various components and relationships at heart the system and UML can be used for business process modelling and requirements modelling, it mainly uses to reenforcement object oriented system analysis and to develop the object models. Real time UML, this approach is the application of UML to design the real-time system. It emphasises the system with structural and behavioural language models and those designing modelling include the architectural mechanic and detailed design .Object oriented methodologies have employed in the construction of the real time system.The introduction of IT for hospital case is expected to be a major issue in re-designing the processes. on that pointfore, whatsoever of the functions will be speeded by developing suitable software and hardware artifacts. To do so, the business models should be seamlessly matched to software engineering models. As a standard, UML seems to be currently the best choice for expressing such modelsDisadvantages of UMLUML has still no structure and specification for modeling user interfaces. From our office view, the main disadvantage of this model is lack of formality. UML is used in a implementation process and we wish to use it for our stage of this process for consistency and to cherish the user translating work into a innovative language. The other related reason is simply that if users are familiar with UML it may be worth keeping it, as a front end to a formal language.Advantages of EPCOne of the main advantages of the EPC is that it is both powerful and easily understandable for end-users. EPCs are often used for capturing and discussing business processes with people who have never been trained in any kind of modelling technique. Although EPCs can be understood even by untrained personnel, the same models can be refined and used for the requirements definition of an study system. This is one of the reasons that both many end-user companies and many software vendors are using EPCs for business process modelling. The existing connections with traditional modelling methods (e.g. data models, such as the entity relationship- model) have been very useful for developing information systems for process-oriented organizations. Therefor e many users have asked for a similar kind of connection between EPCs and UML diagrams.Comparison of process? UML is richer of concept than ARIS because of the presence of Stereotype, and this enables a higher view of modelling for specific cases.? ARIS allows personalisation of the model as one concept is represented in many symbols.The software platform also allows integration of business and IS concepts.? EPC method and UML have different scopes of business modelling. There is a need to use one language in both software and business fields.? Logical connections and decisions cannot be performed in UML use case models and it could be done in EPC.? We have faced little difficulties while addressing parallel processes in use case diagram.? Structure and integration could be expressed more efficiently in EPC rather than UML.? Only in UML we could connect the specific actions performed by distinct actors without getting entangled to other functional units.Reasons for choosing EPC The EPCs meet the requirements to put forward with reckon to the ease of understanding by non-specialist in modelling. EPCs can offer a multi-level view of the process, since a function in an EPC could be explained in more detail by means of another EPC. EPCs give a consistent, formally supported process oriented language that can ensure framework of the processes.Comparison between EPC and UMLWhen comparing the EPC and UML for modelling business processes, there are some aspects from which we can view the correspondences and differences between these two methods. The comparings can be mainly grouped into three aspectsContextThis aspect covers in which context the EPC or UML are developed and used. Both diagrams can be used for modelling business processes, but both have different contexts under which they are developed.AmbiguityIn modelling business processes, it is possible that the EPC or UML diagrams that are created would be ambiguous. Examples of this are implicit decisions, po ssibility of having blocking, etc. Therefore it is necessary to take a look at the exactness or ambiguity of the diagrams constructed with EPC or UML Activity Diagram. bank note/TerminologyBoth the EPC and UML activity diagrams have similar concepts such as fork/join, branch/merge, atomic/extended activity, etc but they are represented using different notation and terminology. Some notation does not have a counterpart in the other diagram. This indicates the semantic differences between them. Therefore we will compare both notations and terminologies to see the correspondence of symbols of one diagram in another diagram and the differences between them.ContextEven though the EPC and UML Diagrams are used or can be used to denote business processes, they were developed in different contexts. This pragmatic difference comes from the different modelling approaches that drive the EPC and UML. There are two approaches to model a system.Process-oriented modellingIn process-oriented mode lling, the main focus of modelling a system is the process inside the system. A process consists of sequences of events triggering activities. The events themselves are the results of other functions apart from initial events that trigger the whole process. By introducing logical operators, this event-driven assert structure can be expanded to a complex control flow illustrating relevant decisions and potential for concurrency that happen in the process. This process-oriented modelling is the basis for the EPC, which found its way as a standard for modelling business processes of an enterprise. The basic EPC model can be extended by further semantic components to illustrate the elements participating in the process such as information objects and organization units.Object-oriented modellingIn object-oriented modelling, the main focus of modelling a system is the objects inside the system. A system is a bunch of objects that have relationships among them. These objects communicate e ach other by exchanging messages. An object is a discrete and differentiable entity in a system. Each object has properties and exchanges messages through operations. This object-oriented modelling is the basis for UML, which is mainly used in software development such as enterprise information system. Initially activity diagrams are targeted for modelling the dynamics of internal objects actions. Because of its characteristics similar to flowcharts and its capability to visualize concurrent activities, they can be generalized to model operations, use case scenarios, workflows and business processes.ExactnessThe formal description of EPC can be used to analyze the syntactical correctness of an EPC diagram. However in practice there are still some problems esteeming the exact meaning of some elements in the EPC. The ambiguities arise from the analysis of how elements in an EPC diagram interact in a flow of process. Those ambiguities areConjunction of start eventsAn ambiguity concern ing the modelling of start and end events occur in the EPC. It is obvious that nodes without input edges are the start events and similarly nodes without output edges are the end events. But the interpretation is left to the reader, which combine of start and end events he should see as admissible, that is, as seen in reality. The problem becomes obvious when there exists events from the side meaning start events in the position of the process which has been started some time before by the first start events. These usually represent communication with external entity. However this conjunction of start events is not explicitly modelled in EPC.Semantics of logical connectorsThere are three logical connectors in EPC, that is, XOR, OR, and AND connectors. In chapter two we have already discussed how to connect these logical connectors to events and functions in the control flow. We know that because an event cannot be used to make decisions, an event cannot be followed by logical con nectors XOR and OR. Nevertheless there is also an ambiguity in the semantic of logical connectors, especially in the XOR and OR connectors. Consider the case in effigy 4.1. In the case of AND connector, the function F1 can only start when both events E1 and E2 occur. That is clear, the AND connector serves to synchronize by waiting until both events have occurred. In the case of XOR connector, the switching rule of the exclusive or connector says that if either event E1 or event E2 occurs, the following function F1 can start. One question arises, what does the rule mean, when both events occur one after another, for example E1 occurs first then after some time E2 occurs? Can the function then run twice The first time after the occurrence of the first event, and the second time after the occurrence of the second event? There are several interpretations for what the modeller wants to express, when he uses this connector When both events occur at the same time, they block the followin g function, or Both events cannot occur at the same time, or When the following function starts, then exactly one of both events must have occurred.For the OR connector, the following rule applies when at least one of the events occurs, the following function can start when both events occur at the same time, the function can only start once. A similar question arises for the OR connector as for the XOR one that is, whether the function runs once or twice. Again, there are several interpretations when the events occur one after another, but in the case of OR connector it is obvious that when both events have occurred the function is not blocked.E1 E2 E1 E2 E1 E2AND XOR ORF1 F1 F1Two events arriving at one connectorDeadlocks and LoopsFor simple EPC graphs it is easy to analyze whether the graphs work or not, but for complex graphs we need a tool to analyze them. It is possible that even when the graph is semantically correct according to the definition of EPC, still an analysis show s there can be deadlocks when executing the process according to the diagram. A deadlock means that in reality when the start events occur thus the process runs after some time the process is stuck somewhere in the graph unable to reach the end states. Possible causes of deadlocks are mismatches of logical connectors especially in complex graphs where connectors link to other connectors and different interpretation of logical connectors. For an example an OR connector can work either in XOR mode or in AND mode. If an opening OR connector works in XOR mode but the closing OR connector works in AND mode or the other way around, a deadlock would happen. This can be solved if the closing OR connector knows in advance in which mode the opening OR connector works. some other possible problem discovered by graph analysis is looping. A loop may cause a process to run forever. This is usually not intended to occur in business processes.Notation/TerminologySince both EPC and UML Activity Diagram serve to visualize processes and workflows, both diagrams have similar notations for some common terminologies such as activities, branches and merges, forks and joins, etc. as well as some notational differences between them. These notational correspondences and differences will be discussed here and we will use the result of these notational comparisons for the transformation from EPC to UML.The notational correspondences and differences of both diagrams can be categorized as followsFunctions and Activity/Action StatesBoth the functions in the EPC and activity/action states in UML Activity Diagrams are the active elements that represent what a person of an organization unit or an actor in a use case diagram do with respect to the process. Therefore it is clear that functions and activity/action states represent specific business tasks within a company. That means that they share the same role within their single diagrams. An activity or a function usually takes some exte nded time to execute.EventsIn the EPC an event is a passive element that triggers a function and is a result of another function. The events can also show the change of status of an object over the process chain. There is no correspondence of events in activity diagrams, even though the activity diagrams are based on state diagram, but the states are mostly activity states, while an event is not an activity. Nevertheless if we take a look at the example of EPC some of the events, especially those that are the direct results of a function, are redundant. For example in the figure 4.2 the result of the function capture requirement is requirement captured which means that the resulting event is just to show that when the function finishes control will pass to the event which in turn triggers the next function. However in activity diagram this intermediate result is not explicitly declared. This is because the transition in activity diagrams means that as soon as an activity state finis hes it does not have to wait but instead it will trigger the next activity. meet flow and TransitionsControl flow in the EPC corresponds to the transitions in UML Activity Diagram. Control flow is used in a process-oriented approach to show the process chain over time from one event that triggers a business function that in turn results in another event. Activity diagrams are based on state diagrams in which transitions are defined transitions show the change of states over time. Control flow and transitions are instantaneous they are assumed not to take so much time. However in the EPC, between two functions there can be some time for the control/token to be kept in an event.Logical connectorsLogical connectors allow the splitting of control flow in the EPC and transitions in activity diagrams. For the splitting regarding to taking a decision between different alternate(a) paths, both diagrams have a similar construct, which is known as branch/merge. The branching and merging of c ontrol flows in the EPC is represented using the logical XOR connector plus the events following it. The same mechanism in activity diagrams is implemented using the decision diamond symbol and transition labels. Both diagrams also support the notation of parallelism known as fork/join. The forking and joining in the EPC is shown using the logical AND connector while in activity diagrams it is shown using the synchronization bar. Actually a synchronization bar corresponds to an AND connector together with the events before it, because a synchronization bar waits for all transitions to arrive. The main difference between EPC and activity diagrams in the case of logical connectors is that EPC supports inclusive or connector while there is no notation in activity diagrams to denote the OR connector.Organization units and Swim lanesAn organization unit in the EPC is attached to a function its responsibility for the respective business task. In the activity diagrams this is accomplished by arranging the activities that belong to the same department in a company or activities being done by the same actor in a use case into swim lanes.IterationActivity diagrams support the notation for iteration which is not available in the EPC.The comparisons between EPC and activity diagrams are summarized in the following tableEPC UMLContext Process-oriented modelling Object-oriented modelling(business oriented) (IT oriented)Exactness/Ambiguity Event from the side, deadlocks, loops, logicalconnector semanticsNotation/TerminologyActive atom Function Activity/Action statePassive Element Event Process chain Control flow TransitionLogical connectorsBranch/ mix XOR connector Decision diamondFork/Join AND connector Synchronization barInclusive or OR connector Actor Organization unit SwimlaneIteration * (multiplicity sign)Summary of comparison between EPC and UMLTranslation between EPC and UML DiagramIn translating from EPC to activity diagram and the other way around, we will use the results from the comparison between EPC and UML Activity Diagram as already discussed before. To translate from an EPC diagram to an activity diagram, the following guidelines can be used. Determine the organization units involved in the process chain together with the functions that each of the organization is responsible for. Align the Organization units into separate swim lanes in an activity diagram. Transform each function into activity/action states in the activity diagram and put it in the swim lane of the organization unit being responsible for it. If the function is a complex hierarchical function (which is also called a process), the refined EPC for that specific function can be either drawn as a complex activity state (meaning that inside the activity state we must specify some actions performed in the activity as well as entry and exit actions) or it would be better to draw the function in a separate activity diagram. Transform the corresponding logical connectors from the EPC into the corresponding elements in the activity diagram. The branches and merges represented by XOR connectors are transformed into decision diamonds and the forks and joins represented by AND connectors are transformed into synchronization veto. Connect the activities and decision diamonds or synchronization bars according to the control flow in the EPC. Add the start event(s) and end event(s). It is possible to have multiple start events and end events. This can be considered as multiple start events in the EPC or can also be considered as several scenarios in one diagram.However, there are some problems with regard to the translation from an EPC to an activity diagram As can be seen from the comparison, not all logical connectors for splitting and joining the control can be modelled in a straightforward way. The main problem is with the OR connector there is no corresponding element in activity diagram to represent this logical connector. One solution is to express this OR connection in terms of XOR and AND connectors. To show this, we know from the logic theory that for two variables x and y, the following compare appliesUsing this equation we can translate two alternate paths taken based on an opening and a closing OR connectors into the following diagramORF1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2ORThe branch/fork solution for the elementary or-connectorHowever if the OR connector connects more than two alternative paths the resulting translation in the activity diagram would be very complicated. The organizational responsibility for activities is expressed in activity diagrams using swim lanes. However, swim lanes are not sufficient for modelling advanced and precise organizational relationships. These are important for example for the definition of workflows when support through workflow management systems is intended. Another problem with respect to translation from EPC to activity diagram is related to the loss of important information contained in events and infor mation/resource objects. Some of the events are related to the change of state of an information/resource object. We can show this change of objects state as an object with the object flow in an activity diagram, but if there are many information/resource objects in an EPC, they would make the diagram very hard to read. The definition of activity diagrams as state machines is quite knotted for applying activity diagrams according to the UML definition for business process modelling because actually not all business functions can be regarded as internal action states, e.g. interaction with outside business units.A reverse procedure can also be applied to transl