How Is the Fool Presented in King Lear Essay Example

How Is the Fool Presented in King Lear? Paper The Fool in ‘King Lear’ What is the Significance of the role of the Fool in ‘King Lear’? `The role of the Fool in ‘King Lear’ is essential to the cause of expressing knowledge and understanding of the plot, and the themes and ideas which Shakespeare used to express his views on the context and nature of the whole idea of rebellion to the laws of primogeniture, and how it related to the present world in which he lived. The Fool helps to develop and expand on theoretical and philosophical meanings of the situations on which he issues a commentary indirectly to the audience. The play, ‘King Lear’ addresses and considers many different themes which would have been relevant to both everyday life and the isolated lives of the royal or wealthy, at the time of the play’s creation, and would probably apply to the lives of the people who lived in the time of the play’s setting. Themes such as the controversy around primogeniture , illegitimacy, sight and blindness, foolishness, and the struggle power total power over others and the desire to take control over others to do their bidding, which stands out well among others in this particular plot, and frequently in other Shakespearean plots. In addition to adding a comic sense to the play, as the name suggests, the Fool helps to involve the audience more, as his speeches reflect a narration, which naturally give the audience more information about the nature of the plot. The Fool appears to be a more abstract character, having little physical involvement in the play, and no effect on the plot’s outcome, and he doesn’t express emotions or any personal relationships with other characters. Instead, the Fool is symbolic of morality and decision-making; the Fool takes note of characters’ actions and decisions, analysing and criticising other characters, such as Kent and Lear. The Fool is significant, as Shakespeare has used the Fool to represent the reality of the play, interpreting situations in a true light, and foreshadowing events. Despite the Fool’s relatively short life-span in the play, he has an impact upon the play far beyond his status as a character. In the Fool’s appearance in the play, in Albany’s palace, he establishes himself as a quick-witted and comic character as he makes his first comment to Kent, ‘Let me hire him too: here’s my coxcomb. We will write a custom essay sample on How Is the Fool Presented in King Lear? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Is the Fool Presented in King Lear? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Is the Fool Presented in King Lear? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer ’ Implying to Kent that he is a fool for following Lear and offering him service, reinforced by the ine, ‘of thou follow him thou must needs to wear my coxcomb’. This demonstrates the Fool’s ability to deliver penetrating comments, shrouded by a thin cloud of humour to hide the sincerity of the lines he delivers. An example of the Fool’s foreshadowing of events arises when talking to Kent, ‘Why, this fellow has banish’d two on’s daughters, and third a blessing against his will’- this shows the Fool’s ability to predict; he tells Kent that Lear has ‘banish’d’ Regan and Goneril by giving them land, and blessed Cordelia by sending her away; the complete opposite of how others would interpret the situation. The Fool predicts that giving Goneril and Regan land will actually distance them so far away from Lear that he will never have a close relationship with them again, and the Fool knows that they hav e no intention of returning to Lear’s side. However, the fact that the Fool believes Cordelia has been blessed by being sent away against her will as it means she will be away from danger of the imminent conflict between Lear and his other daughters. Even at this stage, the Fool has predicted the chaos that will overcome the kingdom as a consequence of Lear’s division of the land. It is ironic that the Fool can refer to Lear as a fool so comfortably, ‘All other titles thou hast given away; that thou wast born with. ’(responding to Lear’s question, ‘Dost thou call me fool, boy? ’) He tells Lear he was born a fool, equipping the point that Lear is more a fool than the Fool and has been one for much longer. After the Fool’s apparently pointless piece of poetry, which does in fact have wisdom buried within it, Kent’s remark that the Fool’s advice is ‘nothing’ leads the Fool back to the topic of Lear’s division of the Kingdom, where he points out that Lear is now landless and without income, skillfully using the ‘nothing will come of nothing’ maxim that Lear himself used against Cordelia earlier. In this act the Fool serves as an advisor or n arrator, explaining the king’s Foolishness and the mistakes he has made to date. It would be accurate to say that the Fool has a close relationship with Lear; he seems to know much about Lear’s behaviour, criticising Lear for his stupidity with ease. Although the Fool is threatened with the whip for his jests, which have gone too far (the ‘cloud of humour’ has become too thin momentarily) in Lear’s opinion, he persists in making these jokes, which have become increasingly bitter towards Lear. The intelligence and wit behind the Fool’s words lead the audience to question whether the Fool is really the real fool, and if not, which person really deserves the title of the ‘Fool’. The extent to which the Fool is really a fool is limited as his intelligence hovers untouched above the heads of so many characters in this play. The relationship between the Fool and Lear appears to be one involving a clash off opposites; the Fool shows he is mindful of the future and the consequences of certain actions, where Lear is wreckless and his actions are unpredictable and have no structure or organization to them. The Fools actions seem to be predetermined as he is consistent and immediate with his detailed responses, and he has a much deeper insight into the personalities of the characters with whom Lear encounters. This suggests that Lear would be a much more suitable ‘Fool’ and demonstrates the clash between their personalities. The opposing relationship between Lear and the Fool provokes the belief that perhaps the Fool is another side to Lear’s personality, where Lear’s absence of intelligence, reason, sight and understanding all reside within the Fool; a side of his personality which he cannot currently access as it is almost physically detached from him. This could prove a valid explanation for the absence of the Fool in the final Acts of the play, as Lear’s personalities have merged again, showing that his sanity has returned to him for his final moments before his death. The fact that the Fool does not make an appearance without King Lear also reinfor ces this argument. Other sources also suggest that Cordelia has links to the Fool, and her absence of the majority of the play is filled in by the Fool, which could also be the reason why the Fool does not appear in the final stage of the play, where Cordelia has returned. Upon Cordelia’s death Lear refers to her as a fool. In consideration of the play’s context, many conclusions have been drawn involving links between Cordelia and the Fool, many of which use the idea that the Fool and Cordelia directly reflect eachother, in their shared perspectives and close relationship to Lear. It has also been common for the roles of the Fool and Cordelia to be shared by the same actor in the stage productions of King Lear, emphasizing the points made by this theory and making the theory obvious to the audience by making the link not only theoretical and abstract, but physical also. And my poor fool is hang’d! ’ Here Lear refers to Cordelia as a ‘fool’, further suggesting a connection. In addition, there is no mention of the Fool’s real name, and the fact that he is only referred to as the Fool, leads us to believe that none of the characters even knew his title, re-establishing the theory that he and Cordelia are linked as it leaves his character open for comparison with others, and the role of the Fool open for any other character to instantly undertake throughout the duration of the plot, where various characters frequently become host to the title of the Fool. Apart from the Fool being significant in his mysterious role as a character and his links with other characters, his significance is displayed through his importance to the development of Lear’s character and his realisation of his mistakes and lack of sense and understanding. The theme of ‘sight’ is presented in, and is reinforced countless times throughout ‘King Lear’. The theme of ‘sight’ links strongly to the Fool as he is one of the only characters who have perfect and unimpaired vision for the entire duration of his appearances in the play. The Fool sees things which other characters do not, and it is not until Gloucester’s eyes are removed and his sight ironically becomes much clearer, that the Fool’s insight and understanding of characters and situations can be seriously challenged. Sight is explored thoroughly and is linked closely to the Fool, making his role all the more significant. The Fool’s role is also that of an observer and analyst of the sinister occurrences in the plot, suggesting that his role could be linked to God; a conclusion that could be drawn from the fact that the Fool sees all and has infinite or at least extensive knowledge and understanding of life. The Fool’s final appearance is with Lear in the ‘storm scenes’ of Act III. He is genuinely concerned for Lear, and tries to get him to shelter in a hut on the heath. So far, the Fool has been trying to get Lear to realise his mistake, and acknowledge his foolishness. At this point, reality begins to dawn on Lear, and he begins to slip into madness. Is the Fool surprised at the severity of the effect that this acceptance is having on Lear, and perhaps feeling a little guilty at having brought it on by constantly reminding the King of his mistake in previous scenes? At the end of Act III, Scene II, the Fool makes his greatest prediction and reiterates the play’s message that defying Nature only causes chaos and suffering. Upon meeting Edgar again, Lear is becoming more incoherent, with a mixture of emotions; betrayal, anger, revenge, acceptance and loss. The roles have been reversed: the Fool is now Lear’s serious guard, while Lear has started to talk nonsense, dream and act bizarrely. As Lear degenerates into madness, and Gloucester arrives to take him to Dover, the Fool is no longer needed and can disappear from the plot. We have seen the Fool’s part in the play, and it can be concluded that the Fool serves a definite purpose, in that he is the King’s closest friend and sharpest critic. His position and personal qualities enable him to speak bluntly and assertively to everyone he encounters, with a sort of ‘humorous immunity’ from the punishments that Kent and Cordelia have to endure, emphasising his individuality from other characters. Perhaps it is the high level of Lear’s admiration for the Fool that allows the Fool to speak so bluntly to him. The Fool is able to tell the King uncomfortable home truths partly because of his ability to run rings around Lear intellectually. It seems the Fool must also have a genuine affection for his ‘nuncle’ as he follows him even when base and degraded and in the early stages of insanity. The Fool is a ‘jumpy’ character in many ways; at times he has incredible confidence in himself and his message and is able to express himself dexterously, but when he becomes frightened by Lear’s spectacular reaction to his daughters’ rejection, his jokes lose their impact, and he becomes the King’s nervous companion, and when linked to the theory of the Fool being another side to Lear’s personality, this shows that Lear’s side of the personality emerges stronger at this point and dwarfs the Fool’s side of the personality. Throughout the play, we are never quite sure who the real fool is.

The De Lacey family Essay Example

The De Lacey family Essay Example The De Lacey family Paper The De Lacey family Paper Essay Topic: In Cold Blood This essay will be an exploration of the causes of Victor Frankensteins downfall, and eventually his tragic fate, from the famous Mary Shelley novel Frankenstein. There are several aspects of this novel that I need consider when writing about this tragedy, for example the style that Mary Shelley uses when producing the novel and the old English format of writing. At a first glance of the novel I feel that Victor is solely to blame for his own tragic death, as he was the man who put together the creature who eventually killed him because of the lack of emotion Victor had shown towards his creation. This novel deals with Victor Frankensteins love of modern science, which he uses to construct a monstrous creature. As victor first sights his creature, he is quickly to reject his unsightly appearance. The monster become increasingly frustrated with his creator (Victor), and ultimately begins to murder the friends and family closest and dearest to Victor Frankenstein. The creation begins to feel a tremendous hatred towards the human race because of there prejudice. This hatred turns towards Victors younger brother William, as he captures and kills his brother in cold blood. The creature uses his knowledge gained from the De Lacey family to frame Justine (a family servant of the Frankenstein family) for the murder of William. Soon after the murder Justine is hung for murder and the creature approaches Frankenstein and demands he creates another being to become his companion. At first Victor agrees to create the monster a companion, but at the last minute changes his mind and stopped creation the new being. This was the final straw for the creature, which showed his creator was truly against his him, and as a result the monster killed Victors only true love Elizabeth. And later Victor was to die of natural causes in his sleep; the creature and the creator were both burnt together, just as they were at the start of the novel, together. Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in 1816, at a time when there was a tremendous advance in science and technology. These advances had wide spread affects on society. New manufacturing techniques were developed, which affected cost of the traditional development of products. These developments in technology and science may have affected the thoughts that Mary Shelley has used in producing this novel, for example the technological advances were both exciting and frightening. Exciting because of the venture into the unknown, and the possibility of new discoveries. But on the other hand frightening as the true unknown is ahead of them. The Gothic and Science Fiction genre may have also been a factor, which has led to certain aspects of this book. Gothic novels were very popular in the nineteenth century and Frankenstein was one of the first Science Fiction novels. Mary Shelleys experiences of summer 1816 may have supported this gothic genre as during her stay in the Swiss Alps, she, and some of her friends began to entertain one another with ghost stories, and these stories were used to complete the plot for the novel Frankenstein. Science Fiction novels show the consequences of new discoveries, which have clearly been reflected in this novel.

Midterm paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Midterm - Term Paper Example Complicating this issue even further is the request that the manager makes based upon reflecting the fireworks as the award-winning. Naturally, as no such award exists, the employee is faced with a situation in which either they will make up an award or they will fail if the assignment. Finally, complicating matters even further is the fact that one of the colleague is attempting to take personal gain of the situation by creating the award in exchange for a symposium sexual favor. As a means of understanding this dynamic, the ethical challenges, and the options that are available to the employee, the following analysis will focus specifically on these three segments. Firstly, it should be understood that leveraging any type of favor from a fellow colleagues, whether in exchange for sexual service or any other good or commodity, is tantamount with making up the information and lying about the veracity behind the award. The underlying ethical reason behind this has to do with the fact that it is clear and apparent that the fellow colleague does not have such an award and it has never existed. Thus, by merely passing the buck and claiming a level of ignorance concerning where the support came from or when it was earned and why, the employee in question is not any better of a position as compared to that they had generated this false award on their own. From the case that has been presented thus far there are ultimately three options. Accordingly, the remainder of this analysis will revolve around discussing these options, from the least desirable to the most desirable, and promoting a likely course of action that the employee might consider taking. As such, the first and least desirable option is to refuse to make up any award and directly confront the manager with this refusal. Not only will this most likely result in an immediate termination, it will also leave a very negative relationship and interpretation of the employee’s time at the

Project Recommendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Recommendation - Essay Example The company has commenced investment in the project and lack of implementation may lead to substantial monetary losses. One way of dealing with uncertainty is employment of pretested technology. This may be a plus for the Project Stargazer as its research and development has been going on for a while. The return on investment determines the profitability of implementing the Project Stargazer through assessment of monetary implications of the funds and schedules. When the magnitude and timing of investment in the Project Stargazer is gauged and the timing of investment gains is directly proportional to the magnitude and timing of costs, a high return of investment is identified. This indicates that the gains associated with this project compare favorably to the implementation costs. This return of investment clearly shows that the project will not only be profitable, but also use the funds directed at it efficiently. The project will break-even when the total sales and revenues equalize the total expenses associated with the Project Stargazer. At this point, no losses or profits will be associated with the project, though with a high return on investment, the project is likely to break-even with ease. The product that is associated with this project is also innovative and has not been introduced in the market before. Developing and marketing such a product will be beneficial to the company as it will be developed for the first time. Success of the Project Stargazer might also pave the way for the company to market a variety of other products in the future. Project conception: The project Stargazer has already been researched and its development is already in progress. Previous analysis suggests that implementation of the project will benefit the company and chances of successful completion are high. Definition and planning: After the company approves the development of the project, a project plan outlining the

Images of Millay's emotional state in What lips My Lips Have Kissed Essay

Images of Millay's emotional state in What lips My Lips Have Kissed - Essay Example Upon reflecting on her past love affairs, there were some images that helped her convey her emotional state. Specifically in line three and four stated that â€Å"Under my head till morning; but the rain (line 3) Is full of ghosts tonight that tap and sigh (line 4)† suggests that the speaker had to spend the rest of the evening without the presence of a loving mad. Line seven and eight stated that â€Å"For unremembered lads that not again (line 7); Will turn to me at midnight with a cry (line 8)† expresses the idea that the speaker had for several times experienced crying because of misunderstanding with a man. The reason why she feels the way she does is because of her past recent summer relationship which has ended for no reason at all. In line with this, the speaker’s recent summer relationship was clearly indicated in line thirteen and fourteen of the poem stating that â€Å"I only know that summer sang in me (line 13); A little while, that in me sings no more (line 14)†. Although the speaker does not clearly reflect any forms of bitterness or regrets, line six of the poem which stated that â€Å"And in my heart there stirs a quiet pain† suggests that the speaker is emotionally hurt was because of the last summer love she had with a man. All this made her think about her past relationships that never worked the way she

The Features Of Institutional Bargaining Approach Politics Essay

The Features Of Institutional Bargaining Approach Politics Essay The birth of the concept of institutional bargain approach stems from the work of Oran R. Youngs criticism on the current rationalist and cognitivist approaches to define the regime formation. Schools of thought of the realist or neorealist highlights the existence of the dominant actors or hegemons possessing structural powers is a necessary condition for international regime formation or maintenance.  [5]  In the other hand, the liberal-institutionalism stresses that a sizable number of self-interested states would coordinate their behaviours to maximize absolute gains by devising mutually beneficial institutional arrangements reducing transaction costs.  [6]  The cognitive theorist underlines that it is the role of cognitive factors that influence the regime formation.  [7]   Literature Review The process of negotiations in climate change poses huge diplomatic and legal challenges to international community. The complexity of the climate change negotiations especially its dependence on science for political decisions have produced two set of perspectives at the negotiations; these are the countries of the view that they would do something to the problem and other countries of the view that would not do something to the problem. Most importantly, climate change negotiations has a unique political dynamic. Power at these negotiations does not derive simply from the size of the economy, but it derives from the fact that how much the country is emitting Greenhouse gases. The countries that pollute the environment hold the most bigger bargaining power. This paradigm poses a huge obstacle to reach a balanced outcome at the climate change negotiations. The book by William Marson (2011)  [8]  highlights the flaws of the climate change negotiations in Copenhagen, stating that group of elite polluters: the United States, the European Union and China have chips to deal and so they rule the game. The other barrier in ensuring a transparent negotiation lies on the issue of a paradigm shift in the environmental politics. The book by Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Brownie, Janet Welsh Brown (2010)  [9]  highlights that the paradigm shift in environmental politics has given rise to the participation of various actors in international environment negotiations and has drawn the climate change issue from dominant socio economic paradigm to the rise of alternative paradigm, in some cases making the problem of climate change a security issue. A collection of articles on the concept of equity  [10]  written by climate change negotiating experts of the BASIC  [11]  countries state the importance of having equitable access to atmospheric space and actions needed in mitigation and adaptation to come up with a long term global goal. In addition, Steve Vanderheiden ( 2008)  [12]  aims at presenting the negotiations of the climate change as revisiting norms such as fairness, equity and atmospheric justice. According to Vanderheiden, it is imperative to address the climate change negotiations in a manner that promotes fairness based on the ideals of equity and national responsibility has practical and principle justification. Dieter Helm and Cameron Hepburn (2009)  [13]  highlights that despite the acceleration of research and scientific explorations on climate change, the policy formation in climate change still disconnected with the findings of science and explains as to why this disconnect prevails. Dieter Helm, analysing the pros and cons of the existing international regimes on climate change highlights also disparity between the share of responsibility in the mitigation efforts between the developing and developed countries and states that unless all the countries are shouldering the responsibility in terms of mitigation, any future agreement in this regard will not be effective. With regard to the process of negotiation from Bali to Copenhagen, books by Abdrew E Dessler and Edward A. Parson ( 2006)  [14]  and a collection of articles in Political Theory and Global Climate Change by John Barry (2008)  [15]  and Negotiation capacity and strategies of Developing countries by Pamela Chesak and LavanyaRajamani ( UNDP report on Global Public Goods 2003)  [16]  and a UNDP report on sustaining human progress in a changing climate (2012)  [17]  present the argument of the disadvantages faced by the developing countries in international environment negotiations as they are being underrepresented or unrepresented at the key decision making moments. Even more so, an in depth analysis by Pamela S. Chasek in her book  [18]  on 30 years long negotiations on the Earth highlights the realpolitik of the environment negotiation and the reasons as to why an agreement is not feasible in the near future. In addition, on the academic literatures, the theoretical framework presented by Young highlights most of the issue as he has been carrying out lot of research and studies on the governance of natural resources and regime formation on same and also through his intervention of the institutional bargaining approach. In his book in 1989  [19]  , he has made an effort to explain the possibility of applying the international regimes and international institutions to address the problem of international coorperation on natural resources and environment. Also, another book by Young in 1994  [20]  is re-examines the basic issues focusing the distinction between governance systems and governments. Apart from regime formation it deals with the flaws of the international governance system and also it reaffirms the emergence of the concept of institutional bargaining as a method to create international regimes. In his books, Young (2002  [21]  and 2010  [22]  ), says that the cli mate change regime which us been created and in the process of being created does not account the nature of the problem, thus there is a mismatch between the character of the regimes created to address the nature of the problem. Thus so far, the materials that have been referring to however, does not approach the process of negotiation through the lens of the developing countries which are not major emitters. For example, those countries which did not allow the Copenhagen Accord to be adopted at the Copenhagen climate conference, are not the major emitters nor they were financially powerful. They were belonging to an economic block in the Latin American continent and to the Small Island Developing States. Most of them were poor countries with least economic and political standing in the world affairs. Then how did Copenhagen go wrong and what was the reason for hundreds of other nations to rally around this small group of countries with weak or no economic power? According to the institutional bargain theory, it could be because of the power of transnational alliances as well as the breaking of the consensus rule. Through the theoretical analysis, this paper will examine the reasons for a small group of coun tries to win the climate battle without allowing it to divert the years long negotiations to fail. It also aims at examining the different tactics and strategies by major emitters in terms promising much and committing little and thereby utilizing the process of negotiation to produce yet again an international agreement which has taken into account the concerns of the most vulnerable and badly affected by the problem. Features of Institutional Bargaining Approach Critics of realism, neorealism and neoliberalism often states that these theories base their assumption on the same flaws and dynamics thus does not pay much attention to the process of negotiation. As stated earlier, most of the time, these theories explain why states cooperate rather than how they are cooperating and as to how the regimes are being formed. The approach of institutional bargaining display the dynamics and flaws of how states cooperate based on their interests which derive from their domestic realities. The main assumption of this approach is analysing the regimes through interests. Main features of the institutional bargain approach are highlighted as follows: Consensus Rule and Multiple actors There are several actors in international institutions. Be it states parties which could be as low as 15 and there are international regimes which has 180 States parties and hundreds of observers from international organizations and civil society etc. In addition, the institutional bargain model base the assumptions on the consensus rule. It is normal for some parties to resist, reject an international negotiations, but it does not mean that the others who would want an outcome not to put their full effort in reaching an agreement, which all parties would be approving. Even though it may be difficult to reach politically an unanimous agreement, it is the basis for any agreement to come to life in the international system. Therefore unanimously is essential when States bargain in designing international regimes  [23]  . Mixed Motive Bargaining According to Young, there are two types of bargaining. One is termed as distributive, is when negotiators will know in advance what they would gain out of a negotiation. This information reaches them through the strategic behaviour and the tactics that they would use in committing to certain issues and positions of others. One of the main points in the distributive bargaining is that the negotiators would lose in one while they gain from the other. The second type of bargaining is integrative bargaining where the negotiators bargain in the absence of fixed contract or negotiation set.  [24]  Due to the lack of information on strategies, the negotiators will try to explore the possible agreements for the mutual benefits. Climate change negotiations and its framing into a model of distributive or integrative lies on the degree of approach of the negotiators to bargain with each other. This can be done only through the level proof through science on the scale of the global warming a nd thereby to rest aside the uncertainties on the issue itself. The veil of uncertainty The term veil of uncertainty is the explanation of dearth of information, knowledge about the issue, or the lack of confidence in making decisions or expressing the preferences. According to Young, the veil of uncertainty give rise for the parties to agree with each other.  [25]  Most of the time, the negotiating parties in the institutional bargaining process perform under a veil of uncertainty on the future positions and interests. No Party would know what would be their future positions when negotiations are taking place. Therefore, when the Party has to choose among many rules, it is much more difficult for a person to determine which of the several choice options confronted will, indeed, maximize whatever set of values that person desired to maximize  [26]  . One of the reason for this behaviour is that the negotiator may be suffering from the notion of loss of interest identity. This becomes all the more prominent in climate change negotiations as the negotiators are de pending on scientific evidence, which some States do not accept as a negotiation information, therefore, individual negotiators who faces different set of choices can become uncertain about the impact of the alternate position that it can take. In addition, this level of uncertainty makes the negotiator to agree with the arrangements or the choice that can be perceived as the faire one which is broadly acceptable to the majority. Problems and Approaches In a negotiation, the negotiators are focusing on the key issues and try to reconcile their differences on these issues rather than trying to reach an agreement on the exact areas of the regime. In this context, the negotiating text is produces to serve as a guiding tool for the negotiators and to reconcile their differences in the process. For example, as Chasek highlights one of the major characteristics of Climate Change negotiations is producing a draft text either by the chair of the working group or the COP President  [27]  . For example, after the Bali Road Map was adopted the Ad-Hoc Working Group on Longterm Cooperative Action ( AWG-LCA) was initiated and at each COP the Chair of the LCA was requested by the negotiators to produce a text highlighting the key issues of divergence and convergence. This course of action was repeated till the Copenhagen and at the Copenhagen there were texts produce by the Chairs of Working Groups each day. This course of action was aiming at narrowing down the differences and to leave the key issues of divergence for the political leadership to deliver. Transnational Alliances States are of diverse interests and political identities. The grouping in the international negotiations, especially at the United Nations have been made on the basis of geographical regions. Therefore, states with diverse interests and identities have been composed into these groups  [28]  . It is then natural that conflict of interest arise and they tend to be inter regional or/and intra- regional. Thus the States, in a negotiation process tend to align themselves or create alliances among the similar states with similar interests, these transnational alliances are highly influential in regime creating. They hold the negotiation positions or let lose them as and when they deem fit and as and when they cater their interests. For example, the Alliance of Small Island Developing States ( AOSIS)  [29]  and the ALBA  [30]  ( Alliances of Bolivarian Republic)group of countries as well as the LDCs ( Least Developed Countries) play a critical role in climate change negotiations . Their critical role was one of the key elements in shaping the negotiations as well as reaching agreements from Bali to Copenhagen  [31]  . Shifting Involvements According to Young, the institutional bargaining model all the time linked with gamut of issues and events happening in the socioeconomic and political environment  [32]  . These unfolding political and socioeconomic events pose different degrees of obstacles for the regime creation, and also complicating the negotiations and sometimes some parties as they struggle with domestic matters, they simply ignore the current issues. This situation can lead to reach an agreement through package deals such as that of practised in Copenhagen through the Copenhagen Accord. Or in some cases, the parties may borrow the assistance from the civil society and the NGO community to facilitate them in regime creation. For example after the failure in Copenhagen, the package deal reached in Cancun at the COP 16 was generously assisted by the civil society and the NGO community at the time it was being approved by the COP plenary despite the objection by the State of Bolivia. Factors to account the success of Institutional Bargaining Approach in Climate Change Negotiations Institutional bargaining is simply is bargaining to create an institution and this approach focuses on the process of regime setting as a priority. Young foresee major two flaws in rationalist approach of bargaining  [33]  . On one hand the rationalists approach according to Young is overly optimisitic as it regards that actors are rationally cooperate. On the other hand, the rationalists fails to consider major obstacles that disturbs the process of reaching an agreement. Severe obstacles such as problems arising strategic behaviour, intra-party behaviour, lack of trust among the parties are not considered in the rationalist approach. In sum, the model of institutional bargaining has two folds, these are descriptive and analytical. Under the descriptive folder, it seeks to outline essential circumstances under which collective efforts to form regimes regularly takes place. Analytically, it lays down several factors that are critically useful for the success of those efforts  [ 34]  . These are as follows: Contractual Environment blurring the zone of agreement and veiling the future distribution benefits Institutional bargaining can succeed only when the issues at stakes lend themselves to treatment in a contractarian mode.  [35]   Under a veil of uncertainty, negotiators of a process aim at reaching agreement on the terms of a social contract in order to solve the collective-action problems. Also, in a consensus-ruled situation, it is important that the parties avoid positional deadlocks in this contractarian environment. Thus, collective-action problems which will be solved through devising institutional arrangements vary in the degree to which they lend themselves to treatment in contractarian terms.  [36]   Exogenous shock of crisis Exogenous shocks or crises increase the probability of success in efforts to negotiate the terms of governance systems  [37]  . For example, in the case of Chernobyl, led the process of negotiation for a legal outcome in the nuclear treaty. In the case of the depletion of Ozone layer also influenced enormously the negotiations in the Montreal Protocol. In the case of climate change negotiations, the hot summer in the USA and Canada, influence the two countries to make arrangements for the Toronto Conference. However, Young informs that creeping crisis of global warming has not thus so far had an effect just as the Chernobyl crisis or Ozone hole on the negotiation process  [38]  . Availability of equitable solution Young asserts that the availability of arrangements that all participants can accept as equitable is necessary for institutional bargaining to succeed  [39]  . Without emphasising the achievement of allocative efficiency by utilitarian models, equal attention should be paid to equity as negotiating environment features a consensus rule. In this context, the institutional bargaining can yield success only when all the major parties and interest groups agree that their concerns have been treated fairly. For example, the importance of historical greenhouse gas emissions and the act

Marxism and Religion Essay -- Essays Papers

Marxism and Religion Throughout Karl Marx’s life he was not thought to be anything special, just a regular working man, but in reality Marx was a â€Å"philosopher, a journalist, an economist, a historian, and a moralist.†[1] Even with all of this hard work most people did not think that he would amount to much. Little did most of the people who lived during Marx’s lifetime know how big of an impact he would have on the world within the next century. Karl Marx, the philosopher, had to have one of the biggest impacts on the world to this day. Marx’s most well known following came from the Communist nation the Soviet Union. The Soviets believed in all of his philosophical writing and thoughts of religion. Not only did people back then believe him, but also his teachings are studied and followed by many people today. Karl Marx’s basic idea of religion is that there is â€Å"no need to deal extensively with religious phenomena.†[2] Karl Marx felt that there was nothing to be â€Å"distinguished between religious belief and superstition.†[3] In Marx’s writings and teaching he has a sort of war with different religions who disagree with his teachings. In Marxist teaching there are many levels in which debate occurs between Marxism and religion, such as, individually, within the family atmosphere, and in society at a national and international level. At an individual level there are many arguments that Marxism has for religion and vice versa. A very dominant principle of Marxism is that â€Å"the Communist can recognize no religion except his anti-religious doctrine.†[4] Any religion would recognize this to be one of the most offensive statements ever. It is obvious for anyone to see right away why ... ...d most, if not all, religious beliefs are not harmonious with the Marxist science.[13] Also, there are many different problems that occur within the different levels that have been discussed here. The major problem that religious believers have with Marxists is the Marxist idea that Communism is above God. There is not now, nor will any religion ever bow down to a government, because of their strong belief of God as a Supreme Being. While there are a few goals of Marxism and religion that are the same there is no way in which one has room for the other, because of the means of attaining these goals are so different. Marxism and religion will always have to be separate because they both have such strong ideas that they will not let go of and different ways of attaining their goals, but they will both continue to exist because of the varied beliefs of individuals.

International Project Manager Training Plan

Finally, emphasis Is placed on building a support system for the International Project Manager that consists of tenured Ms, language support and senior leadership. Keywords: international communication; project management: intercultural communication; training 3 groups of people understand and interpret the world. These differing interpretations that cultures give to their environment are critical influences on the interactions between working and managing across cultures. – L.Hocking: Managing cultural differences: Strategies for competitive advantage In order for a Project Manager to effectively manage a project that requires intercultural interaction and communication, it is critical that he is provided with a solid foundation that introduces him not only to the project and desired outcomes but also to the culture with which he will be working. The recommended training plan included here will provide the experience and exposure necessary for successful project management.Be fore examining how best to prepare to Project Managers for international projects, it is important to understand how successful intercultural interaction occurs. Intercultural communication, or the communication that occurs between two people of differing cultures, has many layers. Prior to the communication even occurring, ACH person brings his or her own constructs that exist as a result of the culture one is a part of.These schemata, or mental categories that humans create in order to make sense of the world around them, are fluid ideas that can begin as assumptions and grow with continued exposure. (Verne & Beamer, 2011, p. 36) This means that an initial perception that one may have about a different culture, while important, can be developed through additional exposure and education. Once two people begin an interaction, each individual also contributes his or her own experiences, values, demeanor and language.You & Saner, 2007, p. 191-219) These driving forces can cause one in teraction to be perceived in multiple different ways depending on the backgrounds of each individual. Understanding the delicate nature of communication cross-culturally and how it can be strengthened by exposure to and education about the different culture provides insight in 4 to the importance of effectively trained Project Managers who can avoid unintentional missteps as a result of the communication's complexity.Due to the critical nature of the role of International Project Managers, it is important o invest in their success through a 3 step phased introduction to both the role of International Project Manager as well as the culture with which they will be engaging. Phase 1: EX. Cultural Immersion Location: Corporate Office Duration: 1 to 4 weeks, depending on project complexity Details: There are two cultures into which new International Project Managers will need to be integrated – EX. Corporate Culture and the International Culture for which they will be leading.The purpose of Phase 1 is to integrate the PM in to EX. Culture. Throughout this 1 to 4 week phase, the PM will be introduced to our immunization systems, processes and procedures. Additionally, they will be provided exposure to our timeliness and interoffice communication. Finally, they will be introduced to the project that they will be leading and given an opportunity to work with key staff members on establishing initial timeliness.Expected Outcome: Project Manager gains fluency in EX. Corporate culture and their assigned Project Phase 2: Cultural Immersion Location: Both Corporate Office and International Offices 5 Attendees: New PM, Training Manager, Cultural Communication Consultant, Translator, Cultural Host Duration: 2 weeks (depending on project and cultural complexity) Details: This is a new phase in the International Project Manager training that has been incorporated as a result of previous missteps by Imps which have resulted in lost business and lost time.Previous cultura l exposure for Imps was limited to short training sessions and â€Å"on the Job† learning in host countries. Field experts in the business of Intercultural Project Management have determined that this kind of training is not sufficient and does â€Å"not meet the needs of managers who want answers to their particular expectations. † (Gale Group, 2004) Phase 2, will begin with 1 week of cultural education. This week will be tailored to the specific IMP and the country with which they will be working.A cultural communication consultant will facilitate the first week of training with focus on understanding the ‘M's perception of the culture with which they will be working. Then, together, the IMP and the cultural anthropologist with identify the key differences between the new culture and the ‘M's own. â€Å"The Lewis Model† will be used to help the IMP understand how to relate with the specific ultra and what obstacles may be presented. (Lewis, 2014) I mps will spend the second week in their host country. During this time, they will focus entirely on the new culture with which they will be working.Cultural Hosts in culture and customs. Depending on where the IMP will be located, exposure could consist of tours of the city; classes with local business 6 professionals; practice shopping, eating and negotiating as well as language exposure. If a translator will be used, this week will also provide ample opportunity for the IMP to build a relationship with the translator to ensure effective immunization is occurring between the two. Expected Outcome: Project Manager becomes comfortable in new Culture and becomes aware of any potential cultural obstacles that may need to be addressed.Phase 3: Putting it Together Location: Training Site Attendees: New PM; Training Manager; Senior International Program Manager Duration: 1 Week Details: This is a new phase in the International Project Manager training that provides the IMP with the opport unity to see another project at work. The IMP will be paired together with a Senior IMP whose project also crosses similar cultural lines. This week is designed to provide the IMP exposure to a successful project at work so that he can ask questions and understand how the relationship was developed.The schedule throughout this week will be designed to give the new IMP to both Senior IMP and his team but also to cross-cultured team members on the team. Through a strategic roundtable and facilitated two-way discussion, the new IMP will be able to build best practices and recommendations that can be incorporated in to his project. This time will also serve to build the relationship between the IMP and one of his errs, thus strengthening the support system available for the new IMP. Expected Outcome: IMP develops best practices and support system that he can use when taking over his new project. In conclusion, when done correctly, expanding business operations in to a culture that is di fferent can be rewarding and lucrative. Intercultural interaction is a delicate endeavor that must be handled with care and precision to ensure that unintentional missteps do not permanently damage a working relationship. The social constructs that Project Managers and contract workers bring can be diametrically opposed to hat of a host country's cultural customs and expectations.In order for International Project Managers to be successful, it is critical that their immersion in to EX. Company culture is thorough and streamlined so that time and resources are not wasted on adapting to that culture instead of the international culture with which the IMP will be engaging (Phase 1). Additionally, the IMP must be provided with adequate exposure and training that supplies them with culturally specific guidelines that they can use when beginning their project (Phase 2).Finally, the IMP must also be revived with exposure to Ex.'s expectations of a successful project while also providing a support system that can be leveraged in times of stress or dissent. The Three Phased Training Plan presented satisfies each of these requirements and is the first step in revolutionize Ex.'s international business organization. References Hocking, L. (1995) . Managing Cultural Differences, Strategies for Competitive Advantage. Boston, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Company. Verne, I. & Beamer, L. (2011) . Intercultural Communication in the Global Workplace.

Perfume by Patrick S

Perfume by Patrick S A Story of a Murderer - a Story of FranceIn this very essay I am going to reflect on the vivid description of historical and cutlural contents in the novel "Perfume" - the recognised masterpiece of the modern literature written by Patrick SÂÆ'Â ¼skind in 1984.Before focusing on the novel itself, let us look back into France, the place of the novel's events, into the XVIII century, and outline its atmosphere. At that time this country, together with the most of Europe, was coming through the Age of Enlightenment - a period of intellectual movement that proclaimed rationality and reason as a new means of thinking and building social life. A big step forward was done by science, which got rid of the mystical element and let medicine, chemistry, physics, economics and other branches of knowledge develop.Significant changes in economics were taking place as well. The form of production was turning from shops into capitalistic industrial enterprises; overseas trade arose.The picture show s a gathering of distinguished gue...The leading role in economics started to belong to merchant manufacturers who posessed raw materials. There were also national enterprises - royal manufactures.In cultural respect, the synonym of the French Enlightenment is stronly associated with the name of Voltaire - dramatist, publicist, historian and philosopher. Such vivid personalities of that time like philosopher and writer D. Didreau, thinkers J.J. Rousseau and Montesquieu, satirist BomarchÂÆ'Â ©, D'Alembert, Robespierre and others should also be menioned.Owing in many respects to all them, the power of mind embraces the society and criticism of church obscurantism arouses. It becomes important to exchange philosophical, scientific and aesthetic ideas between countries. The French language turns into international language of educated people. Together with this, the social class of intelligence is being formed.And now let us get familiar with the details of this...

Divorce through a childs eye

Divorce through a childs eye Introduction Children who are born and brought up in a family setup develop a special relationship with their parents. Each member of the family plays a critical role and a gap is recognized any time a certain member of the family is absent.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Divorce through a child’s eye specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Depending on the relationship agreements, the parents divide roles amongst themselves and children learn to live within the social class of their parents. Obviously, each of the family members would wish that the life trend continues forever, but sometimes, that may not be the case. A time may come when the behaviors of either of the parents change completely. The father, for example, may decide to become depressive and abscond from his duties. In such a case, the mother takes on the burden of caring for the whole family. If the father continues with the unimpressive behavio rs, the mother would become tired and seek for a divorce. Some cases have happened where the mother turns to live a reckless life that forces the man to resolve to divorce. The later is a rare occurrence; however, regardless of the cause of divorce, the children are the immensely affected victims. Children, especially those in their tender ages fail to understand why they can no longer live with both parents (Eisenhard, 2012). In this case, we have an interviewee who was a victim of divorced parents at the age of sixteen. The teenager was in denial since she could not believe or understand how she could just stop seeing her beloved dad. This paper will base its discussion on the interviewee’s answers to address the issue of divorce through the child’s eye. First impression of divorce in a child’s eye When life begins taking the other side of the coin, there is a lot of confusion. The interviewee started experiencing many unexplainable ill signs. The parents bega n trash talking each other, and each side of the family despised the other. The family members from the mothers said ill things about their father and the father’s family that despised her mother. The teenager was caught in confusion; she could not understand what was going on, neither could she tell whom to believe. At one point, the child watches his father sleeping with a cigarette in his mouth. This is a clear sign that her father was extremely depressed. On reporting the incidence to the mother, the innocent child gets blows the following morning. Her father is extremely mad such that he throws his shoe on her. This is a very disgusting scene and the interviewee indicates that the confusion affected her grades. Her grades dropped drastically during this period, and her emotions changed instantly. She could get mad at people easily and start quarrels with her siblings for no tangible reason. Form this point of view, it is evident that divorce is a scenario that brings in a lot of confusion, disbelieve and denial of the whole truth.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Family system theory and divorce The family system theory tries to bring out the exact relationship that exists between the family members. Each of the family members develops an interdependent relationship with the other. The relationships formed are so strong such that breaking the bonds proves to be very difficult (Bell, 2010). The interviewee indicates that she could have her mother’s family members talking ill of her father. Whether whatever the family members said was true or not, she could not believe them. The interviewee started seeing her father less often, and they could only meet in special places for some limited time. The divorce robbed the teenager of her beloved father. She really hoped that things would work out for her parents and they would get a long. The innocent teenager could not comprehend the fact that divorce meant total splitting of the family. However, despite the immerse interaction patterns that had formed between the family members, the mother could not settle for less. She could not get along with the infidelity of her partner, and she opted for a split family rather than a family of distress and agony. The interviewee mentioned that immediately after knowing that her parents were divorcing, she could not absorb the fact, and she kept on pushing the thought at the back of her mind. Her parents would fight at her sight and she kept on disbelieving what she saw. Although the interviewee found it difficult at first, she understood everything later on. After the divorce, each of the parents owned the teenager an explanation. The father had a story that defended him, and the mother had her side of the story. Finally, she had to settle on one truth, infidelity is what made her parents divorce. She is currently twenty years, and she can understand the agony that her mother underwent to seek refuge in divorce. Despite the fact that her parents divorced, she is happy for them because there is a lot of calmness and everyone is happy. Attachment theory and divorce As a family develops, strong emotional attachments form between the family members. Healthy emotional attachments between the family members enable the family to live happily. Parents who have a strong attachment to their families will work tirelessly to ensure they offer the best for the family. The children develop strong attachments with their parents, and as they grow, strong emotional relationships occur (Mercer, 2006). After the age of six months, children are able to identify and sensitively respond to their caregivers. As children grow, they seek protection from the people around them and thus build a special attachment with their caretakers. The children grow up believing in their parents, thinking about them, and expecting a lot f rom them.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Divorce through a child’s eye specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The divorce scenario caught the teenager in surprise. Throughout her life, she had developed a strong attachment with both parents. The teenager developed a separation anxiety because she actually lost a special attachment figure. At first, the interviewee could not believe that she could be a victim of divorced parents, but it really happened. With disbelieve, the interviewee’s grades dropped at first as her mind was preoccupied with the thought of her divorced parents. The interviewee had to develop an adaptive response, and she slowly gained back her confidence and developed increased strength that enabled her to score higher grades than before. The social life slowly changed and the interviewee felt like she would address her issues to her pals. As she grew, she developed a different perspe ctive of life. She grew up knowing that a marriage commitment ought to be taken seriously. From experience, the interviewee testified that individuals should understand that family splitting affects the entire life of the children. The interviewee was sixteen when the fateful incident happened, and four years down the line, she could comprehend everything. However, for her siblings who were very young when her parents divorced, it could take quite some time to comprehend everything that happened. Divorce and the social exchange theory The social exchange theory is very interesting as it explains the individuals’ interest in a family. The exchange theory states that individuals enter into relationships to reap maximum benefit and minimize the costs (Miller, 2005). In a family setup, the exchanges between the parties involved ought to be fair and balanced, thus enabling the involved parties to reap mutual benefits. The individuals in a family express behaviors that generate the greatest reward. According to behavioral psychologists, family members will repeat the gainful behaviors provided they reap the required fruits. The Unitarian economists state that human beings will research on the necessary information, and employ all behaviors needed to make rational decisions that would reap maximum benefit. However, in some cases, the more the individuals in a family receive the reward, the more the reward loses its value, and that is when relationships start becoming sour. The interviewee’s parents stated losing value of their relationship benefits when she was sixteen years old. The father could no longer find value in the intimate relationship with his wife, and thus he decided to become unfaithful. On the other hand, the mother weighed the benefits and costs associated with an unfaithful marriage, and of course, the costs outweighed the benefits. Probably, the father could no longer provide for the family as he did before. The attachment between the father, children, and his wife was lessened as compared to the early days when the father did not have a third party to attend. The woman could also encounter the risks and costs associated with contacting sexually transmitted infections if she continued to cling to the marriage.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There being no more benefits of confiding in the marriage, she opted for divorce. It took the teenager some time to comprehend the cost benefit analysis that made her mother settle for a divorce. It is after she reached her twenties that she understood the emotional sufferings that her mother underwent during those tough family moments. She is now contended and happy because regardless of the split family, everybody is living happily. Conclusion From the discussions, it is evident that children are greatly affected by their parents’ decision to divorce. However, it is necessary for people to take a stringent analysis of the underlying issue that forced one to seek for divorce before making judgments. Clinging to an unfaithful marriage would pave way to many life problems than resolving for a divorce. However, if possible, parents should always try as much as possible to keep their marriages. They should try to apply the utilitarian theory that requires couples to find out the necessary information of the behaviors that reap maximum benefits in the family union. Each of the family members should take actions that benefit the entire union. Divorce should be the last thing couples should settle for as it adversely affects the children as well as the parent who will be separated from their kids. As the interviewee stated, people who make marriage commitments should stick with the commitments since bridging the commitments affects the children as well as the entire community. References Bell, D.C. (2010). The dynamics of connection: How evolution and biology create care giving and attachment. Lanham, MD: Lexington. Eisenhard, T. (2012). The D-Word: Divorce through a childs eyes. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. Mercer, J. (2006). Understanding attachment: Parenting, childcare, and emotional development. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Miller, K. (2005). Communication theories. New York: McGraw Hill.

Benchmark - ECH-640 Lesson Plan Revision, Reflection, and Analysis Essay

Benchmark - ECH-640 Lesson Plan Revision, Reflection, and Analysis - Essay Example The learning resources that the teacher employs and the strategies employed in teaching and learning. The application of modified instructions in teaching for the simplification of the learning process, the application of professional conduct by the teacher all play a major role in guiding the teacher towards the successful passage of information to the students in the learning process. Applying these in educating the students the different subjects ranging from the language education to mathematics will result into successful implementation of the educational needs of the community. The plan will provide a sense of direction to the education program and hence easy achievement of the goals of the education programs. The teaching of languages requires the comprehension of the same language in detail by the teacher to provide the accurate guidance needed to ensure successful education programs. The provision of an in-depth approach to teaching in this field only prove possible if the teacher has the knowledge on the language and is confidently in position to express themselves with it. Through this knowledge, the teacher easily approaches the education of the language. The teacher finds the language more attractive and easy to educate to the students and benefits from their active participation (Field, 2010). The mastery of the content by the teacher provides a positive approach to passing the same to the students hence the learning opportunity presented to the students. The ability of the teacher to employ the language makes it natural for their education of the students in the language. Mathematics being a scientific subject involving majorly calculations requires a good understanding of the subject and proper planning on the subjects to handle. The understanding of the subject provides the teacher with the confidence they need to successfully pass the

School Counseling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

School Counseling - Research Paper Example The program also prepares students for improving their social behaviors that are needed to grow positively in the society. Here, an important point to mention is that a school counseling program is not just focused towards working with students, rather it works collaboratively with all stakeholders of the institute that include parents, teachers, students, and the community members. The purpose of engaging all stakeholders in the counseling program is to ensure that students prosper in an all-inclusive environment, which is extremely important for a student to reach his/her highest potential. The role of the school counselor is critical in improving academic and personal behaviors of the students. As Brown and Trusty (2005), â€Å"School counselors can use strategic interventions to improve academic achievement† (p. 1). A counselor is actually a guide or a leader who serves the needs of the students by taking in consideration their needs and demands and conveying them to the related authorities if necessary. It is the job of a counselor to listen to the concerns of students individually and in groups to identify their behavioral deficiencies and learning needs, as well as to help them improve their behaviors and achieve academic goals. A counselor listens to the students to get their viewpoints about the learning environment and tells them the ways to prosper in the environment in an appropriate manner. It is also the responsibility of a counselor to guide students in developing and maintain positive peer-to-peer and student-teacher relationships both of which are necessary for the students to show improved school performances. A counselor also works on improving the social attitudes and behaviors of students to help them become productive citizens. The phases of a school counseling program include planning, designing, implementing,