The Language And The Gender

The Language And The GenderThis ruminate deals with the relationship in the midst of sexual activity and lecture in this study we exploit to swear out the flowing app atomic number 18nt motion to what ex tip the releases in using prestigiousness among male person and feminine person in Arabic manner of plowing in terms of greetings, comfort, and somberness do? Due to this question the aim of the study is to experience the reasons of differences between the dickens sexs in Arabic voice communication. this study find that the differences connected with pistillate who chastise to add new haggle to their row which they connected these new actors line to the civilization and modern life and they turn out to exercise it out of their traditionalistic way , in order to close in the forethoughts from others The samples of this study atomic number 18 males and females Arabic speakers. They ar 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic lyric. The questionnaire dick is procedured in this study in order to take set info. The questionnaire encompasses the terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. It also includes other information much(prenominal) as sex, and age.Key voice communication male, female, prestigiousness, sociolinguistic.1.0 IntroductionLanguage and gender interrogation began in early 20th century. Language gender research concerned with male and female differences in their way of verbalise. The study of language and gender connect to sociolinguistics, this field mainly interests to study language in regardable context , in neighborly context we ignore recognize that the speakers inwardly same language utilize different slipway of no exceedsclature these ways different in term of gender, age, heathen and escapeer class this is what we whitethorn call it social athletics. The concept of prestige in sociolinguistics is related to banal language so match prestigious, patoi s is possible to be considered the criterion language. Many researcher deals with sociolinguistics studies and concern in language and gender Coates (1993) he recognized that female in talk community try to expend a high degree of prestige than male. (Lakoff, 1975), the men engagement backchats like ( diabolic, much than than women (oh dear, goodness). Malkawi (2011) give that the females in order to attract the attention they avoid using middle-aged wrangle. Scherer (1979), grounds that the women consciously employ the use of more socially prestigious vernacular than men, darn men tend to use more forceful livery than women. Women tend to use prestige in her language more than men do. Women use meter prestige norms succession men use vernacular prestige norms. In general non sample language is low-prestige while metre connected to high- prestige scarce it is unwanted in some(prenominal) contexts.This study focused on sociolinguistic operate on through concentr ate on the vernacular Arabic language when highlighted to find the differences between males and females in terms of greetings, happiness, and sadness occasions. This study dealt with linguistic variation in term of gender to find out the kind of prestige used by Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. In this study we try to find out the answer to research question Are there any differences in the blabber of Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness, and sadness occasions? In order to answer this question, the questionnaire instrument is used in this study in order to pull in valued information. The questionnaire encompasses the terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. It also includes other information such as gender, age and etc. The samples of this study are males and females Arabic speakers. They are 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic language. in a higher place all we can attributed the differences between male and female may live on to the desire of women to use Words which are related to prestige in order to attract attention and most women Believes that the use of prestigious words in speech are more civilize than use The day-to-day one. In sociolinguistic the concept of prestige refers to positive or disallow values choose by the speaker in other word the speakers choose consciously or subconsciously when they make the speech act.sociolinguisticSociolinguistics is of the most important branches of modern linguistics .it deals with the study of language stirred by social relations. Sociolinguistics includes pidgin, bilingualism and Creole languages .It refers to language variation, and language variation focuses on language different in contexts, where context refers to social class, age, gender, heathenity, geography. In 1960 many researches in sociolinguistic focuses on the relationship between language and social structure and the relationship bet ween language and gander.Sociolinguistics interests on language in the social context and language in the social context focuses on the linguistics norms and variations. Speakers who differ from each other in age, social class, and ethnic concourse result differ from each other in their speech and this is called social variation.Sociolinguistics is applied toward the different social situations and analysis the way that female and male speak to each other so , sociolinguistic we can say is a science that provide us with a truncated description to the highest degree the realities of human speech and how we can through a specialized dialect describes the relation between language and age, sex and social function of a language .Studies in the field of sociolinguistics generally assesses the truth by taking a sample of throng and interview them, typically it studies the variation of language and based on dialect in specific night club. Sociolinguistic concern with grammatical an d phonological features so, Variation in language connected with gender, male and female tend to use different styles female tend to use a particular style in her speaking more than male do.Gender with languageThe area of study gender and language connected with sociolinguistics. It analyses the speech varieties associated with gender and sometimes this kind of studies is called a genderlect. Dr. Adelaide Haas of the State University of New York in 1979 she observed general differences between male and female linguistic style. She made several observations and according to the results she found women tend to use model English and non directive language while men used non- criterion and directive language .women privilege to talk about her family and home while most men prefer talked about business, silver and sports it is also found gender language from generation to generation that is room the age will also different in using language from one age to a nonher.the differences between gender because the girls and boys socialized differently so according to this fact language different between gender, women always in her conversation try to make suggestion while men prefer to give commands, typically it is found that women used more emotion in her way of speaking than men do , also women focus on her feelings in her life while men focus on source in his life. Lakoff (1975) states that women try her possible to talk as a well-thought-of lady, comparison to men, women tend to use more hedges, intensifiers , a lot of courtly forms and questions intonations.1.3 prestigiousnessDialects are mainly related to the concept of prestige deep down a society. Usually, the standard dialect is associated with prestige in the society but thats not symbolize all prestigious people must speak the standard but there are factors to prestige with non standard dialects and by group may develop a prestige factors.The prestige concepts distinct Prestige refers to speakers of non-standard varieties who dramatize the standard variety. The speakers are associate themselves with the general prestigious dialect within a society.Covert Prestige This refers to speakers who not bring a standard dialect. The speakers in transfer prestige are associated with what they gained from group in social identification.So, overt prestige is assimilate standard, while convert prestige refers to assimilate non standard. The concept of prestige in sociolinguistics is related to standard language so according prestigious, dialect is likely to be considered the standard language but in other hand non standard may also refers to prestige factors and the creative of prestige factors by non standard group.In general prestige means a specific prestige dialect used by people in their way of speaking, it represent the language community , prestige dialects are associated with peachyer social, political, and economic power, sometimes people who speak prestige dialect are gene rally considered well-educated. but is that mean who does not speak a prestige dialect is uneducated according to preceding studies they found the people who didnt speak prestige dialect is may face difficulties in their academician community or social difficulties which accomplished directly in their way of speaking in other hand factors to prestige with non standard dialects may developed by group as prestige. We can say a prestige differ from state to state for example modern standard Arabic which is considerd high prestige it is used of social and political Arabic media in order to accessible a large number of Arabic people but it is not used as a conversation in their daily life and if mortal speak a standard Arabic in streets people will laugh about it so according to Arabic language standard is not prestigious unlike English or French language which they considerd the standard as prestigious so prestige dialects differ from language to language .2.0 Data for studyThe aim of this study is to find the differences between Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. The samples of this study are males and females Arabic speakers. They are 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic language.4.0 Research in the fieldFerguson (1959), states that sociolinguistics of Arabic language began as an academic unit and it has two discriminative varieties. These varieties are the high and the low ones. As for the high variety, it is related to the classical Arabic which is used in orb occasions and religious functions. The low variety is used in everyday communications between for instance, friends, and home.Sociological studies have shown that women are more likely to use linguistic formsthought to be better or more correct than those used by men. Trudgell (1983) provides an important reason for this. fit to him, women are more conscious than men, therefore, they are more sensitive to linguistic norms.Lakoff ( 1975) states that overdue of the low states of women and the pressure upon them to talk as a respected lady, comparing to men, women tend to use more hedges, intensifiers , a lot of polite forms and questions intonations .Prestige is in two types. Overt type is seeking a prestige by assimilating to the standard language. Covert type is choosing not to talk in the standard, Manue and Campoy (2009). According, Coupland (1997) mentions that women prefer to use an overt standard prestige. However, men favor to use covert vernacular prestige.Coates (1993) states that female speakers tend to use a higher rate of prestige than male speakers in different speech communities. In other words, the prestige norms seem to have a great influence on women than on men.In addition, Sociolinguistics literature reveals that women employ and adopt the speech of rich people more than men do where the difference between rich and poor people speech is in standard language and dialect one, Angle and Biber (1981).According to Lackoff (1973), in the case of gender, women are expected not to use strong insults and expletives such as damn the same as men do, while they are encouraged to use weaker ones like oh dear. Therefore, women have to change or substitute the strong insults with weaker ones.Scherer (1979), states that the women consciously employ the use of more socially prestigious speech than men, while men tend to use more forceful speech than women.Abu-Haidar (1989) investigated the occurrent of prestige in the spoken Arabic language in Baghdad, Iraq. Her study reveals that prestige is attributed to the standard Arabic language kinda than the vernacular one. She adds that women tend to favor this variety.On the other hand, in the case of the Iraqi society as claimed by Jaber and Krishnasamy (2012), female prestige is associated with the meaning of the words not with the standard language. Rather, men tend to use the standard features more women.In a study was made on the Jord anian society, Malkawi (2011) found that the females respondents in her study avoid using old words when they want to attract the attention Females and males tend to use more prestigious words rather than the ancient ones.As noticed by Bassiouney (2010), educated men and women in Egypt tend to talk in standard language because they think that it is more civilized than the dialect one. On the other hand, the uneducated women use the urban variety rather than the rural one for it is more prestigious as they think.Arafa and Al-Ali (2010) proposed that females in Jordan adopt the urban non local varieties which are considered as civilized varieties, while males tend to use the local ones. As they state, the adoption of the varieties by both males and females are not arbitrary. Rather, it is limited to gender motivations and social expectationsGordon in (1997) clarifies the reasons behind using a more prestigious language by women in the New Zealand society. He says that the usage of thi s prestigious language by women in New Zealand is a stereotype. According to his, it is a stereotype for it explains the dodge of middle class females against the lower class females.PublicationsWho Practitioners in the field / communication channel of the thought (others working in the area)What are the landmark studies?What are the suppositional and empirical contributions of the research area?6.0 Implications of the studyWe can summarize the deductive reasoning of this study6.1 Purpose of the studyThe purpose of this study is to find the differences between Arabic males and females in using prestige in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions.6.2 Main ObjectiveThe study of sociolinguistics concentrates on language in the social context. Studying language in the social context focuses on the linguistics norms and variations. Speakers who differ from each other in age, social class, and ethnic group will differ from each other in their speech and this is called socia l variation. As for this study, it will focus on the linguistic norms and variations related to the gender of the speaker. More specifically, this study aims at studying the differences in speech between Arabic males and females in relation to their gender.6.3 FindingsMaleFemaleResultsGreeti ngshappinesssadness occasions6.4 Limitation of the studyThis study limited on small group who consist from Arabic male and female in order to discover the differences between Arabic males and females in using prestige in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions.6.5 ConclusionThis study tries to investigate the differences between Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. According to the data analysis in this paper found that the female try to use a high level of prestige she try to use modern words and tries as possible to exclude the old words in order to attract attention while mail try to use medium level of prestige but also it is found that male tend to use modern prestige words than the old words.