MIS case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MIS - Case Study Example This may help to enhance the efficiency of service delivery (German, 2010). The relationship between regulatory consideration and wireless services arises from the fact that Sprint Company must install towers and equipments. The installed towers and signal may help the company to send wireless signals to its customers located in different locations. This will further enable the company to realize its strategies of providing the fasted and the most efficient wireless network as compared to its competitors in the telecommunication industry. This means that for this to happen Sprint company must take into consideration the regulations placed by the state and local government when installing towers and equipments that will facilitate effective and efficient supply of a higher bandwidth wireless network. For instance prior installing walls and equipment on the identified location, Sprint must obtain the approval of the local government, property owners to mention just but a few. In addition, the company must observe numerous bureaucracies that had been put forth by California commission regarding the sites situated near the Oceans (German, 2010). The interest of individual as customer conflict with that of homeowners in the sense that individual customers want a 4th generation Cellular services while home owners are against the installation of towers inside their building as they fear the higher frequencies may be detrimental to their property. Further, the homeowners value aesthetic more than the placement of new infrastructures for wireless connection Sprint Company. This has made it quite difficult for Sprint Company to implement its goals/objectives of providing a higher bandwidth wireless network connection to its customers and hence decrementing its profit maximization. However, despite the above a conflict of interest

Us Foreign Policy With Respect To Iraq Essay Example for Free

Us Foreign Policy With Respect To Iraq Essay During the immediate post 911 period, President George W. Bush spent ample time addressing the United States and the world on the need to pursue and install democracy in Middle East as a long term strategy to winning the war against terror. This came in the wake of the events of the September 11th terror attack that left America shaken to its core. Such address by President Bush clearly defines in a summary the contemporary US foreign policy on Iraq. This paper will inadvertently analyze the foreign policy of the United States on Iraq. It will look at the motivation behind such policy, its achievement and the criticism that such a policy has attracted. Iraq has been a core subject in the United States foreign policy of long to an extent that it has been instrumental in shaping domestic and global politics. The nature of the United States foreign policy on Iraq is a reflection of the relationship that these two nations and the kind of the interaction that there leaders have been having. A look at the past decades of this relationship reveals that it has been full of conflicts and hostility, with the United States being the dominant player and Iraq, despite its immense resources, being on the receiving end although in defiance. The events that have shaped this modern foreign policy began taking shape in the 1980s. In the 1980s, Iraq was under the tutelage of the United States, benefiting from immense economic aid and also non-direct military support. By the time of the Iran-Iraq war, the United States did not issue sanctions despite Iraq’s bombing of the Kurds; instead it resulted to appeasing the then Iraq leader Saddam Hussein and intervening on his behalf. This relationship soured in the early 1990s after Iraq forces invaded and began an occupation in Kuwait citing unpaid up debts and oil feud. With the takeover highly condemned by the United Nations, the United States moved in with speed by sending its troops to the region signifying the commence of the Operation Desert Storm aimed at dislodging Iraq from Kuwait. Allied forces led by the United States liberated Kuwait and enforced a United Security Council resolution to dismantle all the held weapons of mass destruction by Iraq through an operation by the United Nations Monitors. The United States in a bid to extend its presence and occupation erected what came to be known as the â€Å"no-fly zones† heavily putting a stiff restriction on Iraq’s sense of sovereignty. This would indicate the start of a conflict that has by far come to shape today’s United States foreign policy in Iraq and by extension in the Middle East (Chollet, D. and James G. , 2008, 33). The United States since the end of the Operation Desert Storm has maintained its presence unleashing a series of air strikes towards Iraq. As a formal protest towards this transgression, Iraq began restricting the presence of the United Nations weapons inspectors terming them as a part of a larger espionage effort by the United States. Air strikes to this region have become a common event since 1993 by both the British and the United States forces. In a policy that has been sanctioned and appropriately defended by the successive American regimes, the United States has taken over the air space and heavily patrolled Iraq’s naval bases during Saddam’s regime to restrict any movements or any aggression towards Iraq’s neighbors. The United States took an active role in enforcing the sanctions as placed by the Security Council of which it is a key member possessing veto powers. Such sanctions were put in the hope that the hardships experienced would have a resultant effect of producing negative sentiments against Saddam’s rule. They were counter productive though as they strengthened Saddam’s resolve towards his stand in Iraq. One of the negative sides to the US supported sanction was that they only affected the citizens but not the ruling elite, while producing a generation that was anti-United States (Glenn P. ,2003, 58). The focus of the United State foreign policy as can be obviously discerned has been influenced by two things; terrorism and the first Gulf war. It is important to note that those that have largely supported the United States policy on Iraq have seen it as a necessary measure to â€Å"free up the Middle East military for further actions against Al Qaeda, to liberate the Iraqis people from their danger and establish, â€Å"a bunch bed of Arab democracy† (Richard A and Howard F. , 2004, 69). Such arguments have been widely criticized and indeed the United States foreign policy in Iraq has continued to draw mixed controversies with those in support of it being seen as pro war. There are those that see the United States policy as motivated by self interests and oil needs believing that if successful, such a foreign policy â€Å"would prompt US and multinational petroleum giants to rush into Iraq, dramatically increasing the out put of a nation whose oil reserves are second only to that of Saudi Arabia â€Å". (Nafeez M. , 2003, 234). Such sentiments have become prevalent in view of the raging debate over a foreign policy that has led the United States to be on a war path with the rest of the world. Most people in the world did not see the essence of the United States invasion. Polls taken prior to the commencement of the war had indicated that they did not favor the invasion which they did not see as justified. This would explain why the international community, the likes Russia, China and France failed to support the war, at the backdrop of the growing negative sentiment at home. The United States and the United Kingdom were alone in this war (Robert J. P. , 2005, 23). It is important though in the same light to analyze Presidents Bush’s fears over the possibility of Iraq harboring terrorists and the presence of weapons of mass destruction. As aforementioned, terrorism and the Gulf War of the early 1990 have had a significant impact on the structure of the current foreign policy towards Iraq. The United States during the Iran/Iraq was as history holds it, playing a crucial role in arming Iraq and probably turned a blind eye as Saddam Hussein stockpiled dangerous arsenals in readiness for an aggression with Iran. By then, the relations between the US and Iraq were what can be described as cordial with the United states hoping to use Iraq to contain the extremities characterizing Iran. Through this appeasement, Saddam Hussein was becoming dictatorial figure with little concern from the United States. The Kuwait invasion changed all this. With the search for weapons of mass destruction being in the fore several years after the Gulf War, President George W. Bush saw a perfect opportunity to invade Iraq citing the former’s reluctance to allow the search by the United Nations weapons inspectors. Since then, reference to the WMDs became an important tool in the formulation of foreign policy and in drumming up support for the war at home. The reluctance of the United Nations to sanction a strike against Iraq prompted the United States to near unilaterally take the matter into its own hands and wage war against Iraq. Capturing and hanging Saddam Hussein tragically ending decades’ long rule. The demise of Saddam and the fall of his regime would bring another key phase to the United States foreign policy, centering on how to contain the warning factors and maintain peace (Thomas E. Ricks, 2006, 54). Whether the terrorist attack by al Qaeda on September 11th prompted the renewed vigor in the foreign policy or it was a mere excuse to end Saddam’s rule is not clear. What is clear is that, the events of 911 prompted a radical shift in the policy of United States towards Iraq (Thomas G. et al, 2003, 86). The United States has been for long grappling with terrorism and maintains a huge list of suspected terrorist organization as well as nations that have links with such terrorist groups, either those that provide them with financial support or operation bases. The al Qaeda tops this list followed by other terrorist organizations from the Middle East. Indeed the nature of us foreign policy towards Middle East is structured in a way that insinuates that it regards the Middle East as the hot bed of terrorism. A visibly angry President Bush in the wake of the terror attacks warned that â€Å"states that harbor terrorists would be subject to military action† further warning the rogue states that in his Bush Doctrine, â€Å"either you are with us or you are with the terrorists† (Harvey W. , 2003,401). This was the vague link that was being used by Bush’s administration in the bid to garner domestic support for a war that proved afterwards to be grossly unpopular. Indeed, a huge portion of the Americas current foreign policy towards Iraq was influenced by this attack. President Bush exhibited an unrestrained impulse to install a new regime in Iraq and hence the excuse of the terror attack was a prefect opportunity. Bush’s administration had gained a lot of support both domestic and international in the war against terror especially directed towards al Qaeda in Afghanistan. The Afghanistan war commenced immediately after the 911 strike and was unanimously sanctioned by the congress. This was done in the belief that al Qaeda had formed a base in the mountainous region of Afghanistan. By extension, President George W. Bush believed that the existence of an unfriendly regime in Iraq would exacerbate the war against terror. The initial claims by the Bush administration that Saddam was harboring and aiding terrorists could not hold water. The reasons for the attack are still unclear, as Stefan H and Jonathan C (2005, 155) notes â€Å"weapons of mass destruction links with al-Qaeda, human rights abuses covered a wide and ever changing kaleidoscope†. This is because the claims on the presence of weapons of mass destruction â€Å"have been largely discredited and is retrospectively seen as a politically convenient pretext† (155) Indeed the general feeling is that the main reason for this war revolved around oil. It is worth noting that the United States foreign policy took a new turn after the toppling of Saddam Hussein. The United State had commenced a war without the proper authorization and sanctioning by the United States. With Saddam gone, the war had to be legitimized by installing a democratically elected government. Iraq conducted elections towards the beginning of 2005 under the watch of the United States military. Many argue however that such elections were used to disguise the huge discontent characterizing the Iraqis population with the hope of showing how united they were. History is rife with such examples where elections have been used to show national unity in the face of a brewing conflict underneath. With the rubberstamp of the United Nations, through the passage of resolution to oversee the elections, the United States had set the terms and conditions of the elections and was keen eyed to ensure that its candidate of choice emerged the winner. The Transitional Administrative Law which is playing a huge role in the governing process of the Iraq’s government, has given the United States a clear mandate, though defacto, to control Iraq. The post Iraq policy has been facing a number of challenges which mostly have been centering on the waging ethnicity in Iraq. Anna Mulrine (2008) identifies four challenges that are being encountered in the post war policy towards Iraq. The first one is the local militias. The United States has commenced a program that seeks to integrate the local militias into the police force to take advantage of their basic training and loyalty to the government especially the Sunni citizens. This fact however is exacerbated by the fact that these militias owe divided loyalty to both the government and to the insurgents. The rebuilding of Iraq is also hampered by the reduction of US forces in Iraq. There are plans to slash the number of US Army in Iraq due to the domestic opposition to surge at home. This creates a problem because the general feeling is that the Iraq police are too biased to be left to implement the reconstruction policies alone (Condoleeza R. , 2008, 52). The success of the United States foreign policy towards Iraq has not been largely seen by many especially in the knowledge that the war in Iraq had been largely criticized. Any success garnered so far is overshadowed by the intense criticism and the news of the numerous deaths and attacks suffered by the United States soldiers in a foreign land (Robert J. P. , 2005, 67). Most protagonists of war identify the toppling of Saddam and his consequent hanging as a major step towards democratization. In the words of President Bush, his toppling was a signal to all dictators that their numbers are numbered. The aim of the war was to make the world a safer place and secure American interests. This however is yet to be achieved as the war against terrorism is far from won. The recent elections and the setting up of a government however may be seen as a success to such policies but the war is yet to be over considering the huge insecurity charactering major towns in Iraq. United States soldiers are being killed daily and cases of suicide attacks are common, an indication that this war is far from over (Allawi, Ali, 2007, 46). The United States foreign policy has been largely criticized both domestically and internationally. Most of these criticism centers on the military intervention and the justification behind such intervention. Bush administration had misrepresented information on the urgency of the war due to the presence of weapons of mass destruction. This proved to be exercise in futility as the weapons were never found. The United States decided to take unilateral steps despite there being no evidence to indicate that indeed Iraq possessed WMDs. The links to terrorist could also not be established indicating that the evidence was largely manipulated. The fact that the US invaded Iraq without a proper mandate from the United Nations has also drawn criticism as it was in violation of the resolution 678 which was passed at the height of the Gulf War. Bush’s immense criticism was emanating from the public which led to the decline of the governments approval ratings to below thirty percent making president Bush the most unpopular president to be in office. International criticism centers on the unilateralism of America and also using democracy and terrorism as a disguise to the pursuits to secure oil resources in Iraq. It is apparent that the United States and Iraq have not been enjoying the best of relations in the past years. To Americans since the gulf war in the early 1990s, Iraq was the biggest threat to the world’s security as long as Saddam Hussein was on the driving seat. The United States foreign policy had been structured to reflect this. It is this suspicion that would lead the Bush administration to invade Iraq, topple and hang the despotic leader in the bid to install a democratic government in one of the most defiant nation in the Middle East. President Bush used lies and manipulation of evidence to initiate a war that has lead to the down fall of his presidency. The United States effort to install a democratic government and curb insecurity is yet to materialize as it is facing a myriad of challenges in addition to the growing criticism back at home. Crucial concern now to the United States foreign policy on Iraq is how to maintain peace and stability in a volatile country so as to implement the set program towards reconstruction. Bibliography Richard A. Falk, Howard Friel, 2004. The Record of the Paper: The New York Times on US Foreign Policy and International Law, 1954-2004. Verso. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, 2003. Behind the War on Terror: Western Secret Strategy and the Struggle for Iraq. CLAIRVIEW BOOKS. Harvey W. Kushner, 2003. Encyclopedia of Terrorism. SAGE. Anna Mulrine, September 16, 2008. Four Challenges Petraeus Leaves Behind for His Successor in Iraq. News World Report. Retrieved on 0ctober 15, 2008 from http://www. usnews. com/articles/news/iraq/2008/09/16/four-challenges-petraeus-leaves-behind-for-his-successor-in-iraq. html? PageNr=2 Stefan Halper, Jonathan Clarke, 2005. America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order. Cambridge University Press. Robert J. Pauly, 2005. US Foreign Policy and the Persian Gulf: Safeguarding American Interests Through Selective Multilateralism. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Robert J. Pauly, Tom Lansford, 2005. Strategic Preemption: U. S. Foreign Policy and the Second Iraq War. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Thomas George Weiss, Margaret E. Crahan, John Goering, 2004. Wars on Terrorism and Iraq: Human Rights, Unilateralism, and U. S. Foreign Policy. Routledge Thomas E. Ricks, 2006. Fiasco, The American Military Adventure In Iraq. Penguin. Chollet, Derek and James Goldgeier, 2008. America Between the Wars. Public Affairs, Perseus Books Group Allawi, A. , 2007. The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

The Process of Entrainment :: essays research papers

Essay - The Dance of Life, Entrainment In a television interview, Bruce Lee said: â€Å"Empty your mind. Be formless, shapeless, like water. Now you put water into a cup, it becomes the cup. You put water in a bottle, it becomes the bottle. You put water into a tea pot, it becomes the tea pot. Now water can flow or it can crash. Be water my friend.† He was talking about dominantly expressing ones self through martial arts by letting go of rigid styles or patterns you’ve learned, and freely adapt in combat so as to fluidly move with your opponent, as in a dance, then to â€Å"crash† into your opponent in victory. What Bruce Lee described was a state of total awareness of one’s environment so as to continuously be able to entrain one’s self to it. Edward T. Hall wrote among many things in his book, The Dance of Life, of entrainment. Entrainment is the internal process that makes syncing possible with others and the environment around us. Day to day we move from one routine to another, or one appointment to another. When we do so, we adjust ourselves from one movement to another movement. When these movements require another person or a particular environment, entrainment is present. Entrainment, whether we’re aware of it or not, is something that we do everyday with varying success. Depending on our success entraining with any particular situation, there results either a fluid transition or a turbulent one. Since not many people are martial artists and will have difficulty relating to Bruce Lee, we’ll look at the process of entrainment using a different example that most people will have some experience in. Also, since the process of entrainment varies with every individual in their various experiences, and will prove quite impossible to describe in abstract mechanics, our example will be a specific and isolated occurrence. The example will be of a student’s experience while studying. A young girl is in the school library. She goes to the library because she feels that the environment there is peaceful and tranquil, perfect for studying. She sits there silently at one of the many tables fully engulfed in the book that she’s reading. Nothing in the room disrupts her. The sound of pages being flipped at the table to her left doesn’t bother her.

Budget Request: Hiring New Officers in the Community Essay

1. Include at least two (2) robust justifications for hiring new police officers. The justification should anticipate the key questions that the chief executive and council will likely ask. a. If this request is the result of an increased workload, how quickly did the workload increase? Could the increased workload be covered by part-time employees or by shifting employees from another area? b. How long have you known this need was developing? Was the manager previously briefed on the growing workload? c. If the request is not funded, what impact will it have on the department? On citizens? (Hint: If your request is not funded this year, managers often look to see if a request is repeatedly put forward to gauge its urgency. ) The present police force include thirty uniformed officers, there is an immediate need to hire three to five more officers. The many of the citizens in this city have observed crime in the downtown area is rising rapidly. With a population of over 75,000 residents in the community, I strongly encourage increasing our police force to offset of crime rate in the community. For every police office there are 2500 citizens at that ratio we are definitely under manned. The budget while important cannot be the determining factor. Our officers must know that we support them as a department and want them to be apart of their families lives. Much of the data from my department show no increase of crime rate however we cannot substaine control of this amount of population without adding to the force. With many veterans returning home from the wars we should be able to get qualified applicants. When hiring these types of talents there will be less money in the training of the individual and more concentration on the duty of the officer saving the community more money. This request will be justified as an increase in crime and workload has increased over the years, the crime and workload has risen moderately over the six year period we never hired new officers and now seems like a great time to contain the problem. The increased workload and crime increase will have to be covered by three full time employees and two part time employees. This need has been developing since the year of 2006 when the economy seemed to be going into an economic depression, when people began losing their jobs crime increased and the workload for the officers went up as well because they were handling situations they were not accustomed to such as counseling families and being mentors to children whose parents were working to help with the ever rising gas and food prices. The manager was informed of the changes in the workload and bought it to my attention that something has to be done or we will lose business in the area due to crime and on other factors. If the request is not funded this will have a major impact on the department the public will no longer believe we are here to protect them just to satisfy a fiscal budget that is drawn up every year. People in the communities will then feel as though they will have to take the law into their own hands causing turmoil within the communities. My second justification citizen appreciation and safety, hiring the new officers will show citizens that we put their public safety knowing that our budget will not be balanced. Analysis executed by the statistical department forecast and increase done by my team and the increase in the population is what prompts us to request for the hiring of new officers. Community policing is required in each community by officers hired through the state this type of policing promotes structural strategies, which provides the officers with partnerships and problem-solving skills, that will deter crime and social disorder. The safeties of each citizen will the number one concern citizens should feel safe walking home from school, the movies or even walking to their dogs. This justification of hiring new officers will just make people feel safer, when they see our patrol cars covering their areas, and also when they see our officers in their local school protecting their kids from any type of violence or verbal assaults. This year we are seeing the biggest increase in retirees, our senior officers are retiring this is also a factor in our need to hire new officers. The first objection would be that after doing the analysis of 911 response calls and hands-on activities of the officer do we really need more fficers? The officers are very efficient and they exceed all of their goals that are placed before them currently. With crime rate at in the community at six year low, why do we need these officers? With the hiring of these new officers the demand for overtime pay with the existing officers will decrease. Overtime cost the department a significant amount it also puts a mental strain on the officers. Financing of the new officer packaging will come fr om those decreases. Another objection proposed revenue for salaries where does it come from? We are going to approve a parcel tax that would give the city millions of dollars to hire more police officers? Will there also be a program in place where the community participates in helping the officers with crime control? If this is put in to place then there will not be a need to higher new officers because this will cut down on cost. Not many citizens oppose hiring five new police officers because of the immediate benefit to morale of the city and police department. One objection is proper allocation of funds throughout the force. With the addition al officers being added on the force their will be additional arrests, court appointed lawyers assigned to the case, and over populated jails. Each of the benefits lead to an increase of fines and revenue collections by the judicial courts. Prevention is the key when thinking of arrests and jail numbers; with the increase in police officers there will be an increase in costs within the community and state trickling to the federal government as well. The cost of equipment replacement and repair could play a role in the investment of new officers. If there is an increase in officers within the community what guarantees that the rate of crime in the downtown area will decrease? There are other areas within the state that has an increase in crime would these officers be beneficial for all areas or just the intended areas? Will the citizens of the city have to worry about a tax hike to pay for these officers? These are very relevant questions that should be answered only to protect the citizens within the community. In conclusion the budget request definitely points towards the hiring of the officers, more than one hundred percent of the money goes to creating jobs. Job creation is very important to the community because it provides family stability. There is funding in the federal government that includes grants if you are hiring police officers and the COPS Hiring Program (CHP) this program has awarded 111 million dollars in grant money to help with the hiring of police officers. (http://www. cops. usdoj. gov/Default. asp? Item=2367). With the increase of crime increasing within the community there is much need for the new officers to be hired our number one goal is to protect the people of the community and state. Police officers are here to suppress the fear of crime and also to decrease the rate of crime. There are many factors that are covered by the federal government when funding each state with enough funding for police enforcement. The federal government uses these funds to initiate activities that combat violence in local communities, including $25 million for the Community- Based Violence Prevention Initiatives that aim to reduce gun and other violence among youth gangs in cities and towns across the country.

Orem’s Theory and Family Health Nursing Essay

In the presentation of a theoretical discussion on the concept of self care with particular considerations for family nursing practice, the concept of self-care is mainly known in Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory of nursing. Orem’s theory views the individual as a self-care agent with unique needs which will affect family health thereby providing support that health education and evaluation is the main role of nurses (Cody, 2006:308). Nurses according to Cody believes that family models complement the nursing models to provide a more holistic and comprehensive perspective of clients and their concerns (2006:308). Orem’s theory has therefore a clinical applicability at home in the growing demand for home-based health nursing services. The theory has provided that practice will be grounded in evidence–based clinical knowledge and skills within the framework of family, home and community concepts (Orem, 2001:2). Likewise, as self–care has been introduced and incorporated into the practice of community health a provision has included the provision of care to families and other healthcare givers while giving utmost concern to the individual needs of patients and clients. Ali analyzed distinct models presented in 1990 which included Orem’s theory and decided that Orem’s self-care theory should encourage nurses to anticipate the potential problems which include family circumstances in family health planning from which a care plan can be derived (Dolan and Holt, 2000:4). Such findings catapulted into evolution the support for Orem’s theory in the actual process of providing care for the patient and his family and the provision of a health continuum for everyone. Orem’s theory can be used to categorize, understand, predict and alter behavior of both sick and well individuals that is therapeutic in maintaining life and health and in the recovery from disease or injury, or in coping with their effects (Orem, 2001: 82). This presupposes that there is no limit on the provision of care while validating all perceptions that the family is included in the paradigm of care to promote self-care abilities of the patient. We cannot discount the involvement of the family that entirely affects the health status of the individual. A particular example in this case would point to a hospitalized vehicular accident patient where after hospital treatment and rehabilitation is ordered to complete his recovery at home. Completing the period of recovery at home necessitates his re-entry to his normal way of life prior to the accident. The family is therefore enhanced to effectively encourage the patient to attend to his self-care needs while staying on the sidelines yet supportively providing positive encouragement for the patient’s complete recovery. The effective role of nurses is providing family education for the benefit of adjustment to the temporary family role changes. Nurses at the same time bring to light the family models to compensate Orem’s nursing model and provide a more holistic approach to clients and their concerns (Cody, 2006: 308). In this time of cost containment, nurses in a given health care setting cannot lock horns with the Medicare illness models of home care that totally focuses on the individual patient alone (Harris, 2004: 131). Maintaining health is a priority and an ethical requirement for nurses that include the family particularly in home-based care provision, where the absence of one deems the effort â€Å"moot and academic†. The applicability of Orem’s theory in family health is therefore enhanced as community based nursing practice seeks to resolve the responsibility of the patient and family to be included in the nursing care plan (Harris, 2004:132). In the triage system, a problem-oriented approach encompasses assessment levels and Orem’s model can provide a framework for organized family nursing assessment, planning, intervention and evaluation (Dolan and Holt, 2000: 4). Using Orem’s model while negotiating a holistic approach where the family plays an important role is likewise seen in the above example where the family effectively participates in the planning of actions to help the patient effectively cope with his recovery while his self-integrity is maintained or even enhanced. The nurse must therefore include in her assessment the family’s perceptions toward the illness of a family member which is vital in the setting of goals as a means of promoting self-care to the ailing family member. This will pose as a challenge to the nurse as family members individual ideas may vary relative to the patient’s condition. It cannot be ignored that older members of the family may feel overly protected to the patient because of the existing relationship. This challenge can be overcome by the nurse as she effectively provides a choice of promoting Orem’s theory that each family member will comfortably take part with a concise goal of promoting human integrity of structure and functioning (Orem, 2001:522). Likewise, the individual needs of family members should also be looked into as the practice of activities are initiated and performed for the sick member to maintain life and health while promoting a sense of well-being for everyone (Orem, 2001: 43). The family thus plays an important and essential role for the individual patient, whether sick or well which thereby boosts the importance of Orem’s theory in the family health nursing practice. As a helping art for holistic care, family circumstances in family health planning should therefore be included as the derivatives in the formation of a care plan. The individual concepts of each family member will help identify goals while entertaining individual or group limitations that will affect in the implementation and evaluation. A family model is selected for use after the nurse gathers preliminary data about the family and identifies its unique and common patterns (Cody, 2006:308). As an example, Cody cited that a nurse can use Orem’s theory for a 9 year old child affected with ear infection and the mother’s treatment of the child while asserting that other family models will complement Orem’s model to enhance understanding of the family’s structure and functions (2006:308). Orem’s theory therefore provides a common language that enhance improved communication and consistency in the delivery of care while proposing that nurses play a key role in the achievement of self-care for which sophisticated communication skills, teaching skills and specialized knowledge and an awareness of the multiple factors affect the provision of care and enhances the role of the family in the value of health for everyone.

Varying Viewpoints of Capital Punishment essays

Varying Viewpoints of Capital Punishment essays Capital punishment is an important issue because it deals with life, the value of life, and personal liberties. The death penalty has been in existence for as long as America has been a country. Execution was quite common in the early colonial days, with punishment of death resulting from such crimes as denying the "true God," lying, and stealing. Interestingly enough, the framers of the Constitution did not consider capital punishment cruel and unusual punishment. (Inciardi 488) The death penalty has always been a sensitive subject, sparking debate from all sides. Those who support capital punishment believe that it is a just and fair punishment for murder. They also believe that capital punishment serves as a deterrent for other would-be murderers. Those who oppose capital punishment believe that murder by the state is no different than murder on the street. They believe that lifetime prison sentences are fair justice. However, abolitionists have always maintained that the death penalty is wrong. In 1972, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was "unconstitutional because it was being administered in an arbitrary and capricious manner" (White 131). It is not cruel and unusual punishment because it "achieves to important social purposes, retribution and deterrence" (132). In fact, the majority of Americans considers the death penalty an acceptable means of punishment and 35 states practice it. (Death Liberals favor equality over freedom and oppose any government involvement that restricts individual liberties. They approve of government action that promotes equality among individuals. In regards to capital punishment, liberals feel that executing a murderer is a form of harsh punishment. Liberals favor the death penalty with 37 percent and 60 percent would rather see murderers serve life sentences in prison. (Death ...

Life of Margaret Paston, English Matriarch

Life of Margaret Paston, English Matriarch Margaret Paston (also known as  Margaret Mautby Paston) is noted for her strength and fortitude as an English wife born in the Middle Ages, who took on her husbands duties while he was away and held her family together through disastrous events. Margaret Paston was born in 1423 to a prosperous landowner in Norfolk. She was chosen by William Paston, an even more prosperous landowner and lawyer, and his wife Agnes, as a suitable wife for their son John. The young couple met for the first time in April 1440, after the match had been arranged, and they were wed sometime before December 1441. Margaret frequently managed her husbands properties when he was away and even faced armed forces who physically ejected her from the household.   Her ordinary yet extraordinary life  would be almost completely unknown to us but for the Paston Family Letters, a collection of documents that span more than 100 years in the lives of the Paston family. Margaret wrote 104 of the letters, and through these and the responses she received, we can easily gauge her standing in the family, her relationships with her in-laws, husband and children, and, of course, her state of mind. Events both catastrophic and mundane are also revealed in the letters, as is the Paston familys relationships with other families and their status in society. Although the bride and groom had not made the choice, the marriage was apparently a happy one, as the letters clearly reveal: I pray you that you will wear the ring with the image of St. Margaret that I sent you for a remembrance till you come home. You have left me such a remembrance that makes me to think upon you both day and night when I would sleep. -Letter from Margaret to John, Dec. 14, 1441 The remembrance would be born sometime before April and was only the first of seven children to live to adulthood- another sign of, at the very least, enduring sexual attraction between Margaret and John. But the bride and groom were frequently separated, as John went away on business and Margaret, quite literally, held down the fort. This was not at all unusual, and for the historian, it was somewhat fortuitous, as it afforded the couple opportunities to communicate by letters that would outlast their marriage by several centuries. The first conflict that Margaret endured took place in 1448 when she took residence in the manor of Gresham. The property had been purchased by William Paston, but Lord Moleyns laid claim to it, and while John was away in London Moleyns forces violently ejected Margaret, her men-at-arms and her household. The damage they did to the property was extensive, and John submitted a petition to the king (Henry VI) in order to get recompense, but Moleyns was too powerful and did not pay. The manor was ultimately restored in 1451. Similar events took place in the 1460s when the Duke of Suffolk raided Hellesdon and the Duke of Norfolk besieged Caister Castle. Margarets letters show her steely resolve, even as she entreats her family for assistance: I greet you well, letting you know that your brother and his fellowship stand in great jeopardy at Caister, and lack vitual . . . and the place is sore broken by the guns of the other party; so that, unless they have hasty help, they are like to lose both their lives and the place, to the greatest rebuke to you that ever came to any gentleman, for every man in this country marvels greatly that you suffer them to be so long in such great jeopardy without help or other remedy. -Letter from Margaret to her son John, Sept. 12, 1469 Margarets life was not all turmoil. She also involved herself, as was common, in the lives of her grown children. She mediated between her eldest and her husband when the two fell out: I understand . . . that you do not want your son to be taken into your house, nor helped by you . . . For Gods sake, sir, have pity on him, and remember you it hath been a long season since he had anything of you to help him with, and he hath obeyed him to you, and will do at all times, and will do what he can or may to have your good fatherhood . . . -Letter from Margaret to John, April 8, 1465 She also opened negotiations for her second son (also named John) and several prospective brides, and when her daughter entered into an engagement without Margarets knowledge, she threatened to put her out of the house. (Both children were ultimately wed in apparently stable marriages.) Margaret lost her husband in 1466, and how she may have reacted historians known little about since John had been her closest literary confidant. After 25 years of successful marriage, it is likely fair to assume her grief was deep, but Margaret had shown her mettle in dire straits and was ready to endure for her family. By the time she was sixty, Margaret began showing signs of serious illness, and in February 1482, she was persuaded to make a will. Much of its content sees to the welfare of her soul and that of her family after her death; she left money to the Church for the saying of masses for herself and her husband, as well as instructions for her burial. But she was also generous to her family and even made bequests to the servants.

ESL Relationship Vocabulary Worksheet

ESL Relationship Vocabulary Worksheet There are all kinds of human relationships and these relationships will play a role in your discussions. This page will help you explore a variety of relationships including romantic relationships, your friends and family, and relationships at work. Start off by learning new vocabulary in groups and then applying that vocabulary in sentences, gap fills and conversation. Learning Vocabulary Discuss with your partner each of the vocabulary words and phrases below. Try to use each vocabulary item in a sentence. Romance - Peoplecasual / steady dateboy/girlfriendsignificant otherhusband / wifelovermistressunrequited lovelove-interestExamples:My date was late for the dance!Feel free to bring along your significant other to the party Romance - Eventsdateone night standflingengagementmarriagebreakupseparationdivorceExamples:Tom and Bettys marriage is inspiring!Unfortunately, the marriage ended in divorce. Romance - Verbshave a crush ondateflirt withgo out withbreak up withlive togethermarry / get marriedExamples:Peter flirted with Maria during the class.Helen went out with Andrea for more than three years. Friends / Enemies - Peoplegood / close / best friendenemycompanionacquaintanceplatonic relationshiprivalnemesisExamples:Were not dating. We have a platonic relationship.My rival in tennis beat me last week. Friends / Enemies - Verbscompete withget along withhit it off withgang up ontrust / distrusthang out withExamples:Peter and Alan hit it off at the meeting last week.I like to hang out with Carl on the weekends. Work - Peoplecoworkercolleaguebusiness partnerbossdirectorcustomerclientmanagementstaffExamples:The director sent a memo out to staff.My coworker got married last weekend. Work - Eventsmeetingpresentationinterviewsales callconventionExamples:Alexander made a presentation at the convention last week.I have a meeting at three oclock this afternoon. Work - Verbsdo business withmeetschedulecontactdelegatecompete withbe responsible forpresentapologize toExamples:James is responsible for sales in California.Lets schedule a meeting next week. Family - Peoplemother / father / brother / sister in-lawuncleauntcousinblood / distant relativesExamples:I dont often see my distant relatives.Her mother-in-law drives her crazy! Family - Eventsweddingreunionget togetherfuneralholidayExamples:Its funny how we only see distant relatives at weddings and funerals.We had a nice family get together last weekend. Family - Verbsget along withrebel againstargue withhave a good relationship withobey / disobeypunishemulatelook up toExamples:She looks up to her father. The children disobeyed their parents and were punished. Vocabulary Worksheet Exercise 1 Use a word or phrase to fill in the gaps. Each word or phrase is used only once. love-interest, blood, nemesis, friendship, love, crush, casual, distant, unrequited love, acquaintance, steady, business partner Love is very different from _______. If youve got a _______ on someone you cant wait to see them. If its just an ________ you can probably wait until tomorrow or the day after. One thing is for sure: Youll probably see your ______ relatives every day! Luckily, you dont need to see your _______ relatives quite as often, though. When it comes to business, youll probably see your _________ daily, but youll stay away from ________ as often as you can. Lets face it: ______ is complicated. Ive heard from a number of people who have experienced _____________, and theyre never the same! There are also all kinds of considerations. For example, if youve had a _______ date, do you want to go out again? Are you tired of your ________ date? Well, maybe its time for a new __________! Exercise 2 Use a verb to fill in the blanks in the sentences. Remember to conjugate the verb depending on the situation, and dont forget your prepositions! My nemesis and I _______________ each other on a daily basis!I can remember the first time I met my wife. We ____________ immediately and life was never the same.Students who __________________ their parents after the age of 30 are ridiculous.I __________________ my father for my whole life. Hes a wonderful example of a kind-hearted person with good judgement.Yesterday, she ________________ her colleague for criticizing her work. She said she was very sorry.Ever since he ____________ Angela, hes been a changed man!Mary ________________ her boyfriend last week. She couldnt stand his complaining anymore.They _____________________ for more than twenty years. They see no reason to get married. Worksheet Answers Exercise 1 friendshipcrushacquaintanceblooddistantbusiness partnernemesisloveunrequited lovecasualsteadylove-interest Exercise 2 compete withhit it offlive withhave looked up toapologized towent out withbroke up withhave lived together

Annie Referral Consuming Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Annie Referral Consuming Fashion - Essay Example Globalization is believed to bring about certain changes in every aspect of the business environment. It is in this context that Gen Y deciphers those attributes which in turn showcase the apparent channelization of globalization effects with increasingly homogeneous trends and demand for innovation in the various parts of the world. It is worth mentioning in this regard that consumer behavior happens to impose strong impacts on the marketing strategies defining its direction and objectives. This particular notion of contemporary marketing can also be apparently observed in relation to Gen Y customers. For instance, the behavioral traits deciphered by this particular customer group signify the greater influence of quality features and uniqueness possessed by the offered product and/or services. The group also indicates towards their favoritism concerning continuous innovation. Contextually, these features tend to give rise to both opportunities and challenges for the marketers. Where opportunities can be identified in terms of creating brand equity through continuous innovation, challenges can be recognized in relation to the rapidly and constantly altering preferences of the customer group which must be taken into account while deliberating on the marketing strategies. Therefore, it can be affirmed that the consumer behavioral traits possessed by the people belonging to Gen Y indicate a greater significance of consumer-centric marketing strategies in the current scenario.

How to solve problem of organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to solve problem of organization - Essay Example Personnel may be in the wrong job because they lack the relevant skills required, lack initiative or job hunting skills to find a job that suits their skills or stay in a job considered suitable for them. These issues result in a lot of problems within an organization. Research conducted in Kuwait found that the problem is quite rampant. This paper will examine the proper problem solving mechanisms to tackle the problem of wrongful placement of workforce. Being in the wrong job is damaging to an individual and the organization, as well. The process of solving organizational problems entails five key steps. These include finding the problem, formulating the problem, deciding on the solution, implementing the solution and reviewing the results. After company management identifies and formulates the problem, i.e. the organizational problem of wrongful personnel placement, they should find viable alternatives to counter the issue. While organizations encounter a multitude of problems, the problem of wrongful employee placement causes the most harm to the organization (Smart & Street, 2008). However, it is often the executives that fail to comprehend the impact of a poor performer. It is the colleagues of such an employee who experience the consequences of wrongful personnel placement. This breeds destructive employee drive and loss of productivity. One of the factors that result in wrongful employee placement include loyalty, for instance, when a manager employs a friend making it difficult for the employer to identify the right position for that employee. In addition, after evaluating and formulating the problem, management can solve the problem of employees working in the wrong position by ensuring that hiring is done on a professional rather than personal basis. Employing friends or relatives who are unqualified for a position on the basis of loyalty may damage

People and Church of Nicaragua Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

People and Church of Nicaragua - Case Study Example People and Church of Nicaragua had huge expectations from Pope Paul II’s visit to the state in 1983. When the people led regime became autocratic and denied the common man its right to survive and prosper, the Marxist revolutionaries started fighting for the welfare of the people. The Church of the ‘poor’ also aligned with the Marxist revolutionaries and proactively supported their cause (Gutià ©rrez, 1973; Belli, 1988). The Pope’s visit was therefore highly significant for the Nicaragua Church as well as for the people because they saw it as intangible support and a means to convince the government for social reforms that would benefit the common man (Foroohar, 1989; Williams, 1985). But unfortunately, Pope’s visit was a huge let down for Nicaragua’s people and the Church. The major objective of the visit of Pope John Paul II was to proclaim that Catholic Church did not support communists. The huge congregation assembled at the Plaza was hop eful that Pope would lend support to the people’s revolution and decry the mass carnage by government led death squad. But Pope’s silence on the issue was a big disillusion for the priests and public but later wrote a letter ‘denouncing Popular Church’(Dew, 1983:632). He neither condoled the deaths of priests, nuns and innocent people nor made any effort to talk with Nicarguan priests so that could put their case personally. Despite people’s incessant chant, ‘Holy Father, we beg you for a prayer for our loved ones who have been murdered’, Pope was unmoved (Boyt, 1983). Pope’s agenda to his Nicaragua visit was politically inclined and defied wider human welfare. The priests’ fears came true and they along with people of Nicaragua became the innocent victims of oppressive regime that got the approval from the highest authority of Catholic Church, when Pope remained silent on the issue in his visit.

Report on the legal framework for chosen restaurant (after takover) Essay

Report on the legal framework for chosen restaurant (after takover) - Essay Example The report will also summarize the implications of the identified legislations to the college restaurant. In this regard, the report will highlight how each of the legislations affecting the restaurant industry and in particular, the college restaurant affects it, the customers, and the staffs who are students at the college. Secondly, it will highlight on the rights and responsibilities of the stakeholders as required by the legislation or how their roles are affected by the legislations. Thirdly, the report will also state the penalties that the college restaurant or members of staff may face if they fail to abide by the legislations. Among the laws that will be reviewed by the report which affect the restaurant industry include laws pertaining to licensing, food hygiene, health and safety laws for workplaces, and fire safety laws. 1.0 Introduction With reference to the writings by Pannett (1992), he wrote that in general the constitution is a tool that stipulates what is legally a nd morally correct in most issues such as politics and even business issues. The constitution further spells out legislations pertaining to specific industries, and these legislations are mainly used as guidelines to ensure that industry players engage in fair practices without compromising the quality of their product and/ or service, and that they engage in health competition which will not undermine the spirit of fair business participation. Pannett (1992) further added that some industries are less regulated while others are heavily regulated but this is mainly determined by the nature of the business involved in the industry, the sensitivity of the products and/ or services, the category of consumers served by the industry players, and overall government and public interest on the industry. For example, the entertainment industry is less regulated or has few related legislations because the products and services that it offers to revelers are not highly sensitive, more over for entertainment to be real and enjoyable it is not supposed to be heavily regulated. However, the restaurant industry is highly regulated because of the sensitivity of the products and services that it offers to its customers. In this regard, Barth et al. (2007) noted that food largely determines that health of a person and therefore, the health of a nation can be influenced by the restaurant industry, which specializes in food and beverage. For this reason, it has to be heavily regulated to ensure that the health of customers as well as the staffs is not endangered. Barth et al. (2007) stated that the most common and universal legislation in the restaurant industry is the legislations that addresses hygiene of the restaurants and in particular, where and how food is prepared. This legislation is commonly applied to ensure that restaurants prepare their dishes in a health and clean manner that cannot in anyway endanger the health or life of the customers. The report will focus on the restaurant industry and it will further highlight on the other legislations that

Life's Greatest Miracle Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life's Greatest Miracle - Term Paper Example The processes such as meiosis are critical for the variation that makes the offspring to possess better traits than their parents do. The division of the cells and development of the embryo into a fetus through the formation of vital organs results in the birth of a child. The documentary indicates that the sexual and asexual reproduction is significant in the propagation of life. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) plays an important function that involves the carrying of human genetic information, which is useful for the development of new human life. The DNA offers each human being unique traits. Sexual reproduction creates variation and improves the survival rate of the species. The process of meiosis, which entails the combination of genes, confers a unique set of characteristics. Fundamentally, the human body has an unquestionable urge to reproduce and the union of the sperm and ovum results in an embryo. Fertilization leads to the combination of hereditary information and forms the building blocks of the new human life. Melinda and Sergio’s story underpins the significance of the DNA in passing the hereditary information from one generation to the other. Evident in the documentary, the two partners wonder the appearance of their baby. Melinda an d Sergio contemplate whether the baby will have its father’s eyebrows or that of the grandmother (PBS). The conversation between the two shows that the offspring have a certain percentage of DNA from the previous generation. Hence, DNA is a crucial molecule that carries hereditary information. The embryo undergoes developmental stages to become a fetus and eventually a fully developed baby. The multiplication of cells results in specific body parts. Notably, blood vessel forms at the first three weeks, followed by the development of the primitive backbone, brain, and the eyes, as well as other organs that comprise a functional body system (PBS). Genes play a critical role in turning on and off various

Report on the legal framework for chosen restaurant (after takover) Essay

Report on the legal framework for chosen restaurant (after takover) - Essay Example The report will also summarize the implications of the identified legislations to the college restaurant. In this regard, the report will highlight how each of the legislations affecting the restaurant industry and in particular, the college restaurant affects it, the customers, and the staffs who are students at the college. Secondly, it will highlight on the rights and responsibilities of the stakeholders as required by the legislation or how their roles are affected by the legislations. Thirdly, the report will also state the penalties that the college restaurant or members of staff may face if they fail to abide by the legislations. Among the laws that will be reviewed by the report which affect the restaurant industry include laws pertaining to licensing, food hygiene, health and safety laws for workplaces, and fire safety laws. 1.0 Introduction With reference to the writings by Pannett (1992), he wrote that in general the constitution is a tool that stipulates what is legally a nd morally correct in most issues such as politics and even business issues. The constitution further spells out legislations pertaining to specific industries, and these legislations are mainly used as guidelines to ensure that industry players engage in fair practices without compromising the quality of their product and/ or service, and that they engage in health competition which will not undermine the spirit of fair business participation. Pannett (1992) further added that some industries are less regulated while others are heavily regulated but this is mainly determined by the nature of the business involved in the industry, the sensitivity of the products and/ or services, the category of consumers served by the industry players, and overall government and public interest on the industry. For example, the entertainment industry is less regulated or has few related legislations because the products and services that it offers to revelers are not highly sensitive, more over for entertainment to be real and enjoyable it is not supposed to be heavily regulated. However, the restaurant industry is highly regulated because of the sensitivity of the products and services that it offers to its customers. In this regard, Barth et al. (2007) noted that food largely determines that health of a person and therefore, the health of a nation can be influenced by the restaurant industry, which specializes in food and beverage. For this reason, it has to be heavily regulated to ensure that the health of customers as well as the staffs is not endangered. Barth et al. (2007) stated that the most common and universal legislation in the restaurant industry is the legislations that addresses hygiene of the restaurants and in particular, where and how food is prepared. This legislation is commonly applied to ensure that restaurants prepare their dishes in a health and clean manner that cannot in anyway endanger the health or life of the customers. The report will focus on the restaurant industry and it will further highlight on the other legislations that

Annotated bibliography of sources Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of sources - Annotated Bibliography Example Lastly, the author points out the contribution of growing population to greenhouse gas emissions. Tao, M., Chen, L., Wang, Z., Ma, P., Tao, J., & Jia, S. (2014). A study of urban pollution and haze clouds over northern China during the dusty season based on satellite and surface observations. Atmospheric Environment, 82183-192. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.010 Tao, M., Chen, L., Wang, Z., Ma, P., Tao, J., and Jia, S explain a large scale study carried on northern China during spring. The study, which was carried out using satellite and ground observations aimed to identify and evaluate the process of urban pollution. The study also explains the different types of haze clouds found in Beijing area. Therefore, the information found in this article is important in explaining formation hazy weather in China. China Daily is a newspaper published daily in the Peoples Republic of China. In addition, the newspaper is written in English language making it easy to be understood by many professionals in the world. Apart from the language used to print, the newspapers is resourceful and reliable in this research because newspaper information is highly regulated by the government and undergoes some vetting within the company to ensure it is from reliable sources before being printed. Therefore, the information concerning car pollution is verifiable and can be used in our study. Greenpeace International is a non-governmental organization that is concerned with environmental conditions in the world. The organization is keen on environmental developments and actively collects relevant data to ascertain environmental conditions in order to create awareness and give propositions on how the conditions can be dealt with. In this article, the organization points out the problems and impacts of air pollution in China. The organization further gives simple solutions that can be used to solve the problem of air pollution in China. Therefore,

How Do Old Refrigerators Affect the Ozone Layer Essay Example for Free

How Do Old Refrigerators Affect the Ozone Layer Essay The ozone layer prevents ultraviolet sunlight from reaching Earth. (The Ozone hole, 2012). Without the ozone layer, it would be more likely to get skin cancer, eye damage, harm wildlife, reduce crop yields, and change the ocean food chain. The ozone is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. Ground-level ozone is the main component of smog and is harmful to humans. Atmospheric ozone collects in the stratosphere, which is about nine to twenty-two miles above the surface of the Earth. It was discovered in 1985 that there was a hole in the ozone above Antarctica. CFC’s, were constantly eroding our ozone layer. (Roach, 2010). In old refrigerators, ammonia gas is used to keep the refrigerator cool. Pure ammonia gas is highly toxic to people and if a refrigerator containing it leaked, it would pose a threat. Switching to CFC’s was a â€Å"nontoxic† replacement that depleted the ozone layer. Then they switched to a more environmental friendly coolant. Although many refrigerators still use ammonia. (Brian; Elliot, 2006). Refrigerators need five major components to keep cool. The compressor compresses the ammonia gas and the compressed gas heats up as it’s pressurized. The coils on the back of the refrigerator let the hot ammonia gas disperse its heat and the gas condenses into liquid at high pressure. The high pressure ammonia liquid flows through the expansion valve. One side of the valve has high pressure ammonia liquid and the opposite side is a low pressure area because the compressor sucks gas out of that side. The liquid ammonia immediately boils and vaporizes with the temperature dropping to -27 degrees Fahrenheit which makes the inside of the fridge cold. The compressor sucks up the ammonia gas and the cycle repeats. (Brian; Elliot, 2006)The coolant is trapped inside coils and makes a circuit through them and changes back and forth from a liquid to a gas. Ammonia gas does not affect the Ozone layer but it is highly toxic to humans. When they switched to CFC’s, that’s when the refrigerators added to the list of things depleting the Ozone Layer. Du Pont discovered this replacement in the 1930’s. They are used in a variety of industrial, commercial, and household applications. The CFC’s were released into the atmosphere and went up into the stratosphere. In the 1970’s, it was discovered that the CFC’s in use are harmful to the Ozone Layer. The ultraviolet radiation at the atmospheric altitude breaks down CFCs, freeing the chlorine. Under the proper conditions, this chlorine has the potential to destroy large amounts of ozone. As of the 1990’s, they put a more environmental friendly coolant in refrigerators.

Passive Optical Networks (PON)

Passive Optical Networks (PON) With the popularity of broadband services of the terminal users the demands for bandwidth in the access network is rapidly increasing. Rapid increase of global data traffic and massive deployment of new networks are becoming a key environmental, social and economic issue. The access network consumes about 70% of overall network energy. Passive Optical Networks (PON) has been considered to be one of the most promising solutions for access networks due to its immense bandwidth and low cost infrastructure. Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Networks (WDM-PON) provides a solution for having longer and larger capacity networks comparing with existing PON systems which can meet the ever increasing bandwidth demand of next generation ac-cess networks. Moreover, the combination of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi-plexing (OFDM) and WDM-PON technique is a subject of great interest to increase the system capacity and dispersion tolerance. Coherent detection OFDM method has mor e prominent performance than direct detection method. For the practical implementation of WDM-OFDM-PONs, low-cost Optical Network Units (ONUs) and Optical Line Termi-nals (OLTs) are of most critical importance, in particular, avoiding a wavelength-specific laser source at each ONU. To address this issue, wavelength reuse concepts such as Trav-eling Wave Semiconductor Optical Amplifier, Wideband Traveling wave SOA and Re-flective SOA have been implemented in WDM-OFDM-PON. Among these, RSOA per-forms better than the others. To further reduce the system cost a WDM-OFDM-PON architecture with simplified structure by using Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) as transmitter at OLT and ONU. All these simulations are done using OptiSys-tem 12.0 software. The combination of an exponential increase in bandwidth-intensive applications and customer base, has resulted in the rapid increase of fiber networks in the access network segment in recent years. In terms of fiber access technology, the point-to-multipoint passive topology in the form of the Passive Optical Network (PON) has been proven to be beneficial to both customers and operators. Due to rapid increase of global data traffic and bandwidth demands, massive deployment of new network, is becoming a key environmental, social and economic issue. To address this issue, great effort has been ex-pended on researching the high-speed, cost-effective, flexible bandwidth allocation and future-proof Next Generation Passive Optical Network (NG-PON) system. Among these techniques, WDM based PON systems have attracted a great deal of research and devel-opment interest, due to their capability of providing cost-effective way for increasing the overall bit rate and transmission reach of network s. The access network, also known as the first-mile network, connects the service provider Central Offices (COs) to businesses and residential subscribers. An access net-work is a part of a telecommunications network which connects subscribers to their im-mediate service providers. This network is also referred to as the subscriber access net-work, or the local loop. The bandwidth demand in the access network has been increasing rapidly over the past several years. Active Optical Network (AON), the first based access network has been characterized by a single fiber which carries all traffic to a Remote Node (RN) mainly electrically powered switching equipment such as a switch or a router that is placed close to the end users from the central office. In this AON architecture, later the active node is replaced with a passive optical power splitter/combiner leading to the development of Passive Optical Network (PON). Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique has re-cently been a promising technique in access networks due to its high spectral efficiency and robust dispersion tolerance. OFDM, is a form of signal modulation that divides a high data rate modulating stream placing them onto many slowly modulated narrow band close-spaced sub-carriers, and in this way is less sensitive to frequency selective fading. Furthermore, the OFDM is widely considered as one of the strongest candi-date for WDM-based PON system, owing to its unique advantages of superior toler-ance to chromatic dispersion impairments, dynamic provision of multi-granularity band-width allocation both in time and frequency domains. WDM-OFDM-PON, combining the advantages of WDM and OFDM techniques, can provide higher data rate and more flexible bandwidth allocation for end users. Nonetheless, OFDM modulation modules, consisting of high-speed Digital Signal Processing (DSP) chips, Digital-to-Analog Con-verter s (DAC), and E/O modulators, are needed for the generation of optical OFDM sig-nals in WDM-OFDM-PON. These components consume much more energy. Moreover, each OFDM modulation module is fixed for one Optical Network Unit (ONU) group in conventional WDM-OFDM-PON, which causes a rough granularity and wastes a large amount of bandwidth resource since the users do not fully utilize the network capacity all the time. Therefore, it is of great significance to design an energy-efficient and cost effective WDM-OFDM-PON system with high data rates compatible with large num-ber of users. This can be accomplished by using wavelength remodulation methods for bandwidth utilization and VCSELs for cost effectiveness. Objectives of the Project The main objectives of this project are: Simulation and performance analysis of Wavelength Division Multiplexing- Or-thogonal Frequency division Multiplexing- Passive Optical Network (WDM-OFDM-PON) systems for different data rates Simulation and performance analysis of Wavelength Division Multiplexing- Or-thogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing -Passive Optical Network (WDM-OFDM-PON) systems using wavelength reuse by Traveling wave SOA (TWSOA) Wideband TWSOA (WBTSOA) Reflective SOA (RSOA) Simulation and performance analysis of bidirectional WDM-OFDM-PON with dif-ferent transmission length and users using VCSELs Report Outline This report contains six chapters. Chapter 1 gives an introduction about the rel-evance of the project and also convey the main objectives of the project. The second chapter describes about the theories and literature survey of the project. This chapter begins with the basic access networks and describes the various terms relevant to the project. The terms like PON, WDM, OFDM etc are included. Chapter 3 describes the system model for the design. Here explains the basic block diagram representation of the major network technologies used. Chapter 4 explains the simulation procedures, platform used for simulations and details of each section and subsystem in the simulation process. Chapter 5 deals about the results obtained after the simulations and the major inferences got from these results. Sixth chapter concludes the project with findings followed by references section.

Food Poisoning :: Health, Food Safety

Introduction: Every year millions of people suffer from food poisoning due to uncontrolled application of agricultural chemicals, environmental contamination, use of illegal additives , microbiological hazards and others but as a result of increasing awareness of consumers and their demands to provide them with safe, wholesome and high quality food have force many food premises to carry out a broad assessment and re-organize their systems of food control in turn to improve efficiency , rationalization of human resources and harmonizing approaches. This assessment of food control system has resulted to shift from the traditional approach which depends mainly on the final product sampling and inspection and move forward toward the implementation of a preventative safety and quality approach based on risk analysis. (FAO, 1998) Risk based approaches has been developed by World health organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and it is called risk analysis .(WHO,2011)-website Moreover, risk analysis is a combination of three interconnected elements which are Risk management, Risk assessment and Risk communication. (FAO/WHO training manual, 2006) Risk assessment is a scientific evaluation of risk associated with hazard either qualitatively or quantitatively .Risk management is the process where the relevant information of risk including risk assessment results are used to make decisions on how they will control the risk and implementing proper options. Finally risk communication which may define as the process by which exchange of information occur between risk assessors, managers and concerned parties. (http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae922e/ae922e04.htm) Government officials: In order to prepare a food products that is safe for human consumption and trade within the country or worldwide as well as maintain public confidence the government officials has a major role in this issue, yet it is clear that the government has no role in the production of food and cannot by itself to make safe or unsafe food. However, the government does play two important roles to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. The first major role is to create food standards and implement it through laws, regulations, inspection, and compliance procedures. These standards range from setting legislation to prevent food adulteration toward defining limits on the levels of pesticides residues as well as levels of pathogenic bacteria, food labelling, preparation and packaging of food. As a consequence, USDAs in recent times implemented HACCP system for meat and poultry to reduce harmful contamination and the risk of food borne illness. The second role is to address food safety problems that are beyond the control of any person participating in the food chain, which require more than a regulatory solution like for example E.

Does Capital Punishment Deter Crime Essay

In the article Inequality: Causes and Consequences, Kathryn M. Neckerman and Florencia Torche discuss the existing patterns, causes and consequences of economic inequality in the United States, including inequality of earnings, wealth, and opportunity. Their research refers to the social and political causes and consequences of inequality in such areas as â€Å"health, education, crime, social capital, and political power† (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 335). In addition, they discuss world inequality, exploring the major inequality trends across different nations. The researchers of this article have the major goal – to help readers to better understand the roots of this social problem and its effects on people, organizations and labor markets. In fact, economic inequality in the United States constitutes a social problem which required the appropriate solutions. According to George Ritzer (2004), â€Å"problems associated with economic inequality are closely linked to the level of development, with inequality being a far greater problem in developed nations than in less developed countries† (p. 10). Undoubtedly, such social problem as economic inequality can be found both in developed and developing countries. In the United Sates, this issue is of great importance as the American nation is based on the principle: all people are created equal and should be treated equally. Most Americans believe that they are a part of the middle class that command a large part of American society. However, today there is an evidence of certain economic differences between the rich and the poor, although the United States provides equal opportunities for personal development. According to Neckerman and Torche (2007), in the United States, the obvious economic disparities started to rise in the1970s, while the increased economic disparities can be easily identified today. One of the sociological researches, the long-term Luxembourg Income Study of 2000, proves the fact that economic inequality is much higher in the United States than in other industrialized countries. And â€Å"only two industrialized countries, Mexico and Russia have more income inequality than the United States† (Brinkerhoff et al. , 2007, p. 147). It has been found that the lower class10% of American population has become extremely poor, while the upper class 10% has become extremely wealthier. The increased income inequality is closely connected with the changes in the economic system of the United States. The research shows that 80% of Americans work in service and retail occupations which pay lowers wages in comparison with the manufacturing jobs that â€Å"once dominated the US economy† (Brinkerhoff et al. , 2007, p. 147). In addition, practically all economic divisions try to replace well-paid permanent workers with lower-paid part-time workers. Thus, the above mentioned changes combined with declining level of union membership and â€Å"a stationary minimum wage† has contributed to the lower incomes of poor and working class Americans. The primary patterns and causes of inequality in the United States based on the article Inequality: Causes and Consequences are focused on the three areas of inequality: inequality in wealth, inequality of opportunity and wage inequality. The authors of the article pay special attention to the recent trends and are based on the major factors that are driving distributional outcomes in the United States. To start with, one of the major causes of inequality in the United States is wage inequality which remains stable despite economic crisis. High skilled employees get higher wages than unskilled workers. In addition, inequality matters in contemporary society help to better understand the differences in economic well-being of all Americans. The authors of the article believe that inequality at one point in time may affect inequality in the next generation, what gives explanation to the issue of equality of opportunity, or the so-called social mobility (Neckerman, & Torche, 2007, p. 39). One more cause of inequality in the United States is inequality in wealth. Today â€Å"wealth is more unevenly distributed than income,† according to Neckerman and Torche (2007, p. 338). In the United States, wealth inequality is connected with the increase of states by the well-paid employees. In fact, wealth increase is one of the basic motivators of behavior of Americans. As wealth is concentrated in the hands of the smaller part of the population, wealth inequality can be viewed as one of the most important causes of inequality in the United States. I support the above mentioned causes and patterns of inequality in the United States because the authors’ ideas are based on the reliable sources, such as numerous sociological and economic researches conducted by the experts in economic issues and based on the proper statistical data. Moreover, the causes of inequality represented in the article have already been identified by many economists and sociologists. Finally, I support the causes and patterns of inequality provided by the authors of the article because they are similar to my personal views and ideas on this subject. For example, I believe that wage inequality in the United States is affected by the following factors: the increased international trade and considerable technological changes, the growth of immigration and improved training practices and education. It is clear that the increased international trade and technological improvements in all ranges of human activity require highly skilled workers, promoting wage inequality. In addition, increased level of immigration of unskilled workers â€Å"results in a decrease in the supply of skilled workers relative to unskilled workers†(Carbaugh, 2011, p. 3). This fact means that immigration promotes wage inequality in the United States. Wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers can be reduced due to the adequate education and training of workers. Thus, my ideas concerning the major causes of inequality in the United States are similar to the authors’ ideas. Economic inequality in the United States may have a number of consequences not only for the country’s economy, but also for all Americans. According to Neckerman and Torche (2007), economic inequality in the US society may â€Å"reinforce privilege among the affluent and disadvantage among the poor, reinforcing economic inequality in the next generation† (p. 340). This fact means that children from low income families can get less education and their earnings in adulthood will be lower. It is necessary to agree with this consequence of economic inequality because today many children from poor families have no chance to get good education and, as a result, they have low level of education. Without parental support, it is very difficult to get a good education. Children have to pay for their education. In case parents do not provide financial support to their children, they have to find a job in order to pay for their studies at colleges or universities. In addition, economic inequality may lead to poor health of a particular population. The authors of the article state that social inequality has negative consequences for human health because â€Å"it undermines social capital, or because it is associated with poorer social welfare provisions or other institutional arrangements that disadvantage the poor† (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 341). In fact, there may be some other effects on human health, such as direct and indirect effects of stress on human health (alcohol/drug abuse, depression, mental disorders, etc. ). This fact is true because if an individual has no money to buy medication, food and services, he/she will not be able to improve health. There is clear evidence that poverty and economic inequality may lead to health problems, according to Ichiro Kawachi, who links economic inequality to mortality (2000, p. 86). Finally, economic inequality in the United States has negative consequences for social order. According to the recent researches and theories, the individual’s decision to commit a crime is often â€Å"driven by the potential criminal’s calculation of expected returns; in this framework, inequality may raise the expected returns from property crime† (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 343). It is necessary to agree with this statement as economic inequality is closely connected with criminal behavior of individuals. According to the frustration-aggression theory, income inequality can be viewed as â€Å"the major source of frustration† (Pare, 2006, p. 9). Many individuals in our society want to assess and compare the level of their happiness with others. This unavoidable social comparison process means that â€Å"dissatisfaction with income inequality leads to frustration and violence† (Pare, 2006, p. 9). When looking at economic inequality worldwide, the key issues that researchers should be concerned with, are based on more economic global change, economic growth in some countries and declines in other countries. I believe that the majority of developing countries will be left behind in an ever growing global economy. It has been found that most researchers are focused on the study of disparities within the United States and other industrialized nations. Many developing countries which face economic inequality are not discussed in the media. It is very important to explore global inequality and its consequences for all nations. It is clear that disparities across nations may lead to conflicts and misunderstanding. Neckerman and Torche (2007) discuss some possible consequences of global inequality, including â€Å"relative deprivation, the concentration of power† (p. 346). Grahame F. Thompson (2007) explores the relationships between the growing international economy, global inequality and globalization processes and states that â€Å"there is no single and correct way to measure global inequality† (p. 182). In fact, global inequality is a rather complex phenomenon which cannot be described without evaluation of the consequences of the global economic growth. One of the economists, Stanley Fischer, considers that there are two contradictory trends in global inequality. Actually, he states that global inequality between different nations was increasing during the period of 1980 – 2000. In order to decrease global inequality, the poor countries would have had to experience much â€Å"higher rates of economic growth than rich countries† (Thompson, 2007, p. 178). On the other hand, he states that if rich countries continue to grow faster than poor countries, then global inequality would increase. In addition, global inequality is affected by globalization. Many globalization critics point out to the fact that globalization has worsened global inequality, while the defenders of globalization state the opposite. As global inequality refers to the disproportionate distribution of income and wealth across all nations, different nations have unequal benefits from economic operations. According to Ritzer (2004), global inequality increases because the poor nations obtain a smaller part of a fixed per capita income for the world, what leads to the rise of poverty. However, there is clear evidence that globalization can compress global inequality. In fact, globalization leads to the faster diffusion of production technologies to poorer nations, what leads to reduction of global income inequality. The existing global inequality is the result of uneven regional growth rates during the past centuries, when the majority of Western countries moved ahead, while many Asian and African lagged behind. Today sociologists have learned much about economic inequality. However, there are still many questions about the major causes of economic inequality in today’s environment. The empirical studies show considerable changes in the minimum wage and union membership, as well as other institutional factors that affect economic inequality. It has been found that economic inequality is a complex phenomenon that influences the lives of all individuals in the world. The rise in economic inequality is not a transitory process, and it has certain implications for social and political life, health, crime, educational attainment and other consequences. The researchers have found that the major patterns and causes of economic inequality in the United States are inequality in wealth, wage inequality and inequality of opportunities. In addition, a considerable increase in immigration over the past 20 years increased income disparities in the United Sates. According to the recent research, the majority of immigrants come from poor countries to the United States in order to find a well-paid job. One more factor of economic inequality is different education attainment of individuals. The US Census Bureau indicates that occupational achievement of individuals and the ability to perform tasks with the use of scarce skills provide higher incomes. Thus, education remains one of the major factors that influence income distribution, there by having a considerable effect on economic inequality. Global inequality may have certain implications for international relations, as well as it may increase relative deprivation among nations. Besides, global inequality may have social and political consequences, â€Å"depending on the individual’s perception and interpretation of inequality, mediated by social relations, institutions and cultural context† (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 351). Thus, a number of solutions have been suggested that would support a more equal or fair economic environment within the United States and worldwide. First of all, it would be better to reduce inequalities in earnings. In order to reduce inequalities in income, it is required to develop and implement the appropriate policies, such as introducing a minimum wage at a reasonable level, reducing unemployment in the United States and worldwide, adopting progressive taxation system, according to which â€Å"tax rate should be increased with the increase of income level†, redistributing labor resources more effectively, providing total control over the existing monopoly prices, providing social security policies, such as pensions, unemployment allowances, etc. (Jain & Khanna, 2007, p. 66). Secondly, wealth inequality should be reduced through effective taxation system. According Mott Tracy (2010), â€Å"wealth inequality is much more severe than income inequality and is the major contributor to income inequality† (p. 136). The individuals, who have accumulated wealth, should be ready to pay wealth taxes. Thirdly, inequality of opportunity should be eliminated through effective strategies, such as providing equal opportunity to getting education, healthcare services, etc. (Becker, p. 137). In fact, many nations realize the importance of equal opportunity today, and try to make opportunity accessible to all members of society.

Effects of Agriculture Essay

Because it was tremendously essential for survival, had a monumental impact immediately on society and continues to affect us even to this day, agriculture was the most influential development of the early civilizations. The people of the first civilizations needed agriculture because it was an easy, more efficient way of obtaining food. The early peoples had to hunt and gather their food, and, â€Å"Hunting depended on the careful observation of behavioral patterns† (Duiker, W. J. & Spielvogel, J. J. 2001). It must have been challenging to always be moving and searching, just so they could find food that day. However, deciding to stop and grow food, in one reachable convenient location, would have solved the issue of having to go through all the extra steps of hunting down animals. After a long time of humans living successfully in the Old Stone Age, and ice age occurred cause a devastating drought, which killed off most of the vegetation. â€Å"All living things started clustering around sources such as lakes and river† (Howe, H. , & Howe, R. T. 1992). Because all living things clustered around water sources, there was more competition, human and non-human alike, for the already diminished food supply. Naturally, the people of the early civilizations would need to grow their own food in order to sustain their population. Shortly after farming’s conception many life-changing discoveries, like trade, were made. â€Å"Some people became artisan, made weapons, and jewelry that were traded with neighbors† (Duiker, W. J. & Spielvogel, J. J. 2001). When people started to farm they began producing more food then they need. These food surpluses allowed people to do other things with their time such as, make weapons and jewelry that could in turn be traded for other people’s goods. The change to farming also immediately affected the relationships between men and women. â€Å"Men assumed the primary responsibility for working in the fields and herding animals, jobs that kept them away from the home. Women remained behind caring for the children and weaving cloth, making cheese from milk, and jobs that required considerable labor in one place† (Duiker, W. J. & Spielvogel, J. J. 2001). The men had to go work in the fields because planting, growing and harvesting crops required long hours of great physical labor that the women couldn’t take. Also the work in the fields was seen as more important, and so men assumed a more dominant role in society. Not only did agriculture immediately change society, but the changes it created are still evident today. Trade is done in the almost same way and for the same reasons as in ancient times. People still make goods and perform services in exchange for something else. However, rather than exchanging work for another good or service, people today use the cash system. In the cash system people provide labor so they get money in return. The money they earn can then be used to by various products or services. The relationship between men and women established because of agriculture is prevalent today as well. Not only do men still have a more dominant role in society but they still do more difficult and important work. The standard of men working while the women stay home and care for the house is still typical for families today. If the women do work though, they almost never have physically demanding jobs with long, hard hours like being a construction worker or farmer. Also not only are the vast majority of politicians, C. E. O. s, business owners, and other powerful workers men, but men also more often than not get paid higher than women. Truly, because of the fact the early people needed a more steady food source, it almost instantaneously changed humankind, and it evidently still affects the world today, agriculture was the most significant advancement of the early peoples. Bibliography Duiker, W. J. & Spielvogel, J. J. , (2001) Third Edition World History Comprehensive Volume. assBelmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc. Howe, H. , & Howe, R. T. , (1992) A World History. White Plains, NY: Longman

Ethics and Human Resources

Why is it important for companies to conduct Ethics Training? Conduct Ethics Training is important for companies because it not only involves doing what is right and proper, but it is also good for business. Ethical conduct is the basis for long-term success in any organization. Here are some of the many advantages to ethical conduct at work: * Ethical conduct promotes a strong public image for the organization. People respect an organization that makes ethical choices. Customers like doing business with an organization they can trust. * Ethical conduct makes the best use of resources. Money, time, and effort are put into productive activities rather than diverted for questionable purposes or personal gain. * Ethical conduct on the part of all employees also helps maintain quality and productivity. When employees follow ethical standards, they do not cut corners or short-change the company or its customers. * Ethical conduct assists the organization to comply with laws and regulations. What is ethical is also legal. * Ethical conduct ensures good and proper relationships with customers and vendors. * Ethical conduct boosts morale and promotes teamwork. When employees can trust one another and management, they can work together more harmoniously and effectively. Week two: What are the most critical steps to successful implement high-performance work systems? First, work flows are organized around key business processes, and people are often grouped into teams to carry out those processes. Second, high performance work systems include a number of human resource policies and practices: staffing, training, performance management, compensation, etc. , that are intended to enhance employee skills, knowledge, motivation, and flexibility. These practices take different forms, but are based on the belief that people are a critical competitive asset of the organization. Third, most high performance work systems rely on new approaches to leading employees. Often this means fewer levels of management and new roles for managers. Managers become facilitators and integrators and share responsibility for decision making and results with their employees. Discussion Board: * Discuss how would you go about diagnosing poor performance problems If I find the problem, I can work in the solution. To figure out what's causing the performance issue, you have to get to the root of the problem. In my opinion, performances depend of the ability and the motivation of the employee. Someone with 100% motivation and 75% ability can often achieve above-average performance. If an employee is not making enough effort is necessary increase pressure to see if performance increase. If the problem is the ability; for example over -difficult tasks, increase the pressure can aggravate the problem. The ability can be lower when the employee was promoted to a position that is to demanding for him or maybe they no longer have the motivation to realize a good performance. * Suggest ways in which the motivating value of merit raises may be increased. Ethics and Human Resources Policy In the consulting industry, ethics play a very important role. Ethics are the baseline for every business decision that is made. For this reason, all employees of the AJ Consulting firm are required to adhere to our strict ethics policy. AJ Consulting’s ethics policy is based on three areas. These areas are as follows. People AJ Consulting’s employees are the most important asset that we have. All employees will be treated with the highest respect and trust. Management is expected to lead by example and set the tone for our ethics program.They are expected to act and behave in the highest ethical manner. Through these actions they will enforce ethical decision making and guide subordinates through the development process. Open and honest communication is key to providing an environment that supports the development of people and business. All managers have an open door policy for employees to voice any concerns regarding violations of company policy. The Employee s are the eyes and ears of AJ Consulting and should be comfortable bringing any violations to the attention of management without fear of retaliation.All reported concerns of unethical behavior will be addressed and investigated in a timely manner, and the findings of the investigation will be shared company wide. The report of findings will be nonspecific to protect the privacy of our employees. We are an equal opportunity employer and take a zero tolerance stance against retaliation and discrimination. This includes all behaviors that are deemed harassing, abusive (both verbal and physical), and offensive. AJ Consulting is dedicated to providing an environment where every employee can unlock and reach their potential.All opportunities for advancement and self-improvement will be offered to all qualified personnel equally, thus allowing the employees of AJ Consulting to reach their full potential. Allowing employees to reach their full potential directly contributes to the success of our business. Employees should contact their manager or human resources if they feel that they have been harassed or discriminated against. Place (community) AJ Consulting is dedicated to improving the community in which we operate.To fulfill our obligation to improve our community, and to better understand our nonprofit customers, all employees will be required to volunteer eight hours per calendar year. Volunteer time can be during business hours and regular wages will be paid by AJ Consulting for this time. We will build trust in the community through our actions and credibility. To gain the public’s trust we will follow through on our commitments and operate with honesty and integrity. Under no circumstances will an employee of AJ Consulting act unethically or immorally without disciplinary action.If questions arise when considering a certain action or business deal consider the following questions. Will this action be perceived favorably by the public? Can AJ Consulti ng fulfill this commitment? Will this action help build trust within the community? Is this action legal? If you cannot answer yes to these questions, seek guidance from management. Profit AJ Consulting is not in business to make a profit. We make a profit to stay in business. A portion of our profits will be reinvested into our people and our community, thus reinforcing our commitment to the community and our people.No business should be done and profit made thereof, by violating our code of ethics or our high standards of integrity and honesty. Any violation or possible violations should be reported to a member of management. Ethics in Business Dealings While we strive to be competitive in the market; we will offer our services based on quality and ethical business decisions. AJ Consulting will not coordinate any of business decisions with our competitors to create an unfair and unethical advantage in the marketplace.We will also not accept gratuities or gifts from our customers o r competitors to gain an advantage. All of our services will be competitively priced based on company guidelines and not outside influences. AJ Consulting will conduct its business in accordance with all applicable laws, regulations, and company policies. To ensure that employees are familiar with and understand these laws and regulations; employees will be required to attend regular update meetings on a quarterly basis. It is every employee’s obligation to see that we are in compliance with governing law and regulations.Managers should be made aware of any violations or possible violations of laws, regulations, or company policies. Managers are then in turn, responsible for investigating any concerns brought to their attention in a timely manner. If the suggested violations are substantiated the manger is then required to take the appropriate steps to correct the violation. Gifts While negotiating a contract with a potential customer, no gifts or gratuities shall be given or received. Business dinners are permissible as long as they do not present the appearance of favoritism or any attempt to influence business decisions.We need to reinforce our reputation as a fair and ethical business and the appearance of favoritism can severely tarnish our reputation. Under no circumstances may an employee of AJ Consulting solicit gifts from their customers. After a contract is awarded, small gifts may be given or received if they are unsolicited and are of menial value. If you have any questions regarding whether or not a gift is appropriate contact a member of the management team to verify if accepting the gift violates company policy.Confidential Customer Information Our customer’s confidentiality is of the upmost importance to AJ Consulting. In order to build a trusting relationship; employees of AJ consulting will under no circumstances, use any information about our customers for the purpose of personal or financial gain. To avoid a conflict of intere st, no employee with a vested interest shall make recommendations or consult the organization in which they have stake in. Nor shall any employee divulge any sensitive or confidential information to anyone outside of the company.Our customer’s sensitive information shall be kept secure, and be used for the sole purpose of making recommendations for process improvement. We shall also ensure recommendations do not include our customer’s sensitive information to minimize the risk of leaking such information to the public. Ethics Training Program Within the first 90 days of employment, all new hires will attend an initial ethics training. This training will be facilitated by the Human Resources Department with the support of the employee’s first line supervisor.During the initial training the President and Chief Operating Officer of AJ Consulting will discuss the importance of ethics in the consulting industry. The human resources department will inform the new hire of the policies and procedures of AJ Consulting’s ethics program. Included in this training will be an overview of the laws and regulations that govern the consulting industry, AJ Consulting’s position on ethics, proper use and disposal of sensitive information, how to file an ethics complaint, resources available for ethics questions, and the disciplinary consequences of ethics violations.After the initial ethics training employees will be given and annual refresher training. The annual refresher training will cover all ethics violations or potential violations and how they affected the company and its reputation. Role playing will be used to evaluate how well employees understand the ethics program and how they use this knowledge in real life situations. The training will also update the employee on new rules and regulations governing the consulting industry. It will also review the disciplinary actions that may result from ethics violations.The violation reporting procedures and resources for ethics questions will be updated and passed on during the annual refresher training. Reporting Suspected Ethics Violations AJ Consulting takes the issue of ethics very seriously. That is why it is the responsibility of every employee of AJ Consulting to report all actual and suspected ethics violations in a timely manner. The likelihood of diverting a crisis is dramatically increased if we can respond to potential violations quickly. We have developed a quick and anonymous way for our employees to report ethics violations.If you wish to report an ethics violation anonymously we have set up an ethics hotline. The number for the ethics hotline is (800)ajethics. This hotline will direct you to our ethics officer during business hours. If you are calling outside regular business hours you will be directed to their voicemail. We have also setup an email account for those personnel who prefer to report ethics violations this way. The email address is [email  protected]consulting. com. You will receive a response within 48 hours of submitting a violation.The third way of reporting is by contacting any member of management or any member of the ethics compliance committee. Remember when reporting a violation, supply us with as detailed information as you can. This information should include dates, times, names, and companies. While all of this information is not required to file a complaint, it will help us investigate the issue. We do understand that ethics can be confusing, so if you have any questions about ethics or how ethics is applied in a given situation please reach out to our ethics officer who is also our human resources manager.If they cannot provide you with an answer they will research the situation and respond as quickly as possible. Monitoring the Ethics Program AJ Consulting is dedicated to providing the most efficient and stable work environment possible. Since a solid ethics program is the basis for our core values it i s very important for us to monitor and evaluate how effective this program is. Monitoring and auditing our ethics program allows us to become proactive in preventing ethical and illegal misconduct whereby the public’s trust and the company’s reputation may be damaged beyond repair.To fulfill this requirement AJ Consulting has implemented a compliance committee. The committee will consist of the president, chairman of the board of directors, human resources manager, and the accounting manager. They will be in charge of evaluating all aspects of this program. Quarterly first line supervisors will observe 10% of their employees. During the observation the supervisor should note any behaviors or decisions that could be seen as unethical. The observation should be documented and turned into the human resources department.Semiannually they will review all financial documents to ensure they are complete and accurate. They will look for any anomalies in the financial documents and investigate any discrepancies. The compliance committee will also verify that all financial reports are filed on time and give an accurate view of our company. Under no circumstance is it permissible to file reports that are misleading or false. Annually the committee will send out a workplace survey to gain the employee’s perspective.These surveys will be anonymous in order to allow employees to question or comment on any decision making or instances that they feel may be unethical. No place on this survey shall it ask for any information that may identify the person filling out the survey. This will allow honest and open feedback without the fear of retaliation. The compliance committee will review the annual training attendance, roll playing, supervisor observations, financial reports, and employee surveys and compile a state of ethics report that will be kept on record.This will allow AJ Consulting to look for trends in our ethical behavior and ensure that we are on the path to success and allow us to reevaluate and adjust our program as necessary. Biannually AJ Consulting will contract an outside agency to audit and evaluate our ethics program. They will look at our financial records, ethics reports, and reported violations to provide an unbiased assessment of our ethics program. AJ Consulting will use our internal audits and external audits to improve the ethics program and align our values, mission statement, and direction with ethics.Summary While every manager is responsible for the day to day ethics at AJ Consulting, every employee is responsible for doing business in an ethical manner every time. Under no circumstance is it permissible to conduct yourself in an unethical manner. We have assembled an ethics compliance committee that consists of the president, chairman of the board of directors, accounting manager, and human resources manager. The human resources manager is also the ethics officer for AJ Consulting. If you have any questio ns about ethics please contact one of these members.